Design and Feeding Techniques of Patch Antenna PDF

Design and Feeding Techniques of Patch Antenna with Various Shapes for IoT in the 2.45 GHz ISM Band Meryama HARROU Omaima BENKHADDA Mohamed SAIH Youssef RHAZI Abedelati REHA Team of Microelectronics, Laboratory of...

Design and Feeding Techniques of Patch Antenna with Various Shapes for IoT in the 2.45 GHz ISM Band Meryama HARROU Omaima BENKHADDA Mohamed SAIH Youssef RHAZI Abedelati REHA Team of Microelectronics, Laboratory of Team of Microelectronics, Team of Microelectronics, Laboratory of Embedded Systems and Mathematics, Embedded Systems and Embedded Systems and Mathematics, Telecommunications Computer Science, Telecommunications Telecommunications Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences and Electrical Engineering Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences and Electrical Engineering Technology, and Physics Technology, Technology, and Physics Sultan Moulay Slimane (LAMIGEP) Sultan Moulay Slimane Sultan Moulay Slimane (LAMIGEP) University EMSI-Marrakech University University EMSI-Marrakech Beni Mellal, Morocco Beni Mellal, Morocco Beni Mellal, Morocco Beni Mellal, Morocco Beni Mellal, Morocco [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This paper introduces the design and feeding performance metrics including gain, bandwidth, and radiation techniques of microstrip patch antennas with triangular, efficiency ,. circular, and rectangular shapes, optimized for operation within the 2.45 GHz ISM band and tailored for IoT applications. The Moreover, there is extensive documentation on the 2.45 GHz ISM band supports a variety of IoT protocols, predominant use of conventional feeding techniques like including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Thread, and RFID, each microstrip line or coaxial probe feeding , , coupled with offering distinct functionalities for applications ranging from a restricted exploration of more sophisticated methods such as smart home automation to advanced connected health systems. aperture or proximity coupling, which hold promise for The study focuses on the pivotal role of feeding techniques in optimizing antenna performance ,. antenna performance, categorizing them into contact methods (such as coaxial feed and microstrip line) and non-contact Additionally, the larger physical footprint of rectangular methods (such as aperture coupling and proximity coupling). patches poses challenges in integrating these antennas into Utilizing the transmission line method for initial design and the compact IoT devices, which are increasingly crucial in the method of moments for parameter optimization, the field. To address these challenges, there is a growing performance of each antenna shape is rigorously compared in consensus in the literature advocating for the exploration of terms of reflection coefficient, gain, and bandwidth. This innovative and compact antenna designs that leverage comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the alternative geometries and advanced feeding techniques , efficacy of different geometrical shapes and feeding. mechanisms, empowering designers to select suitable configurations for specific IoT requirements, thus enhancing the By diversifying antenna shapes and exploring novel development of efficient and reliable wireless communication feeding mechanisms, researchers aim not only to enhance solutions in the 2.45 GHz ISM band performance metrics but also to meet the evolving demands of IoT applications for smaller, more efficient antennas. Keywords—IoT applications, 2.45 GHz, Feeding Mechanisms, This paper aims to present a comprehensive comparative Microstrip Antenna, ISM band, patch antennas, Wi-Fi, Zigbee analysis of contacting feed and non-contacting feed I. INTRODUCTION techniques for rectangular, circular, and triangular microstrip patch antennas. The first section provides an overview of Among the spectrum of frequencies favored for IoT various feeding techniques, followed by detailed microstrip applications, the 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical antenna designs for the three shapes. The final section offers (ISM) band stands out prominently. This band serves as a an in-depth description of the triangular patch antenna and cornerstone in various IoT communication protocols such as concludes with a thorough comparative study among the RFID, WiFi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee , , owing to its different shapes. The designed antennas were rigorously widespread compatibility with multiple wireless standards, simulated using CST, a renowned solver based on the FIT ensuring seamless connectivity across IoT networks. method. Recent studies have highlighted significant constraints in the design of patch antennas tailored for IoT applications II. FEEDING MECHANISMS within the 2.45 GHz ISM band, predominantly centered on When discussing feeding mechanisms in the context of rectangular patch geometries ,. This limited focus patch antennas, we're referring to how the electromagnetic overlooks the potential advantages offered by alternative energy is delivered to the antenna element. Here are some shapes such as circular and triangular patches, which typical feeding mechanisms for patch antennas: emerging research suggests could enhance critical XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE A. Microstrip Line Feed E. Proximity Coupled Feed Dielectric substrate Microstrip Substrate 1 Substrate 2 Patch Line Patch Microstrip Line Ground Plane Ground Plane Fig. 1. Microstrip Line Feed. Fig. 5. Proximity-Coupled Feed. In this technique, a microstrip transmission line is directly In a proximity coupled feed, the radiating patch is attached to the radiating patch of the microstrip antenna to positioned on the top layer of the upper substrate, while the constitute a planar structure. The microstrip line is narrower, feed line, typically a microstrip, is placed between the two compared to the radiating patch. The substrate of the bottom substrates of different permittivities, with the ground plane side is attached to the ground plane. located beneath the lower substrate. are essential for B. Coaxial Probe Feed optimizing antenna performance. Dielectric substrate III. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN The transmission line method is a commonly used Inner conductor approach to designing microstrip antennas. Here is a detailed Patch explanation of this method with each form of patch: Ground Plane Coaxial connector A. Rectangular Patch Fig. 2. Coaxial probe feed. W 𝑊𝑝 L 𝐿𝑝 In a coaxial probe feed, a coaxial cable is used to feed energy directly to the antenna. The inner conductor of the ℎ𝑝 h coaxial cable extends through the ground plane and is connected to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. Fig. 6. Rectangular Patch Antenna. C. CPW Feed A practical width (W) leading to good radiation efficiency Ground is given by the formula: Patch Plane 𝑐 2 𝑊= √𝜀 () 2𝑓 𝑟 +1 Dielectric substrate The effective dielectric constant (𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) is defined by the Fig. 3. CPW Feed. equation: 1 𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ −2 A CPW feed involves a coplanar waveguide transmission 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + (1 + 12 ) () 2 2 𝑊 line where the signal conductor and the ground planes are on the same side of the substrate. It offers flexibility in design and The length of the patch antenna is extended on each side can be used for a variety of antenna configurations. by a quantity ∆𝐿 given by the equation: D. Aperture Coupled Feed 𝑊 (𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3)( ℎ + 0.264) ∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ 𝑊 () (𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258)( + 0.8) ℎ Patch Substrate 1 The effective length of the patch antenna (L) is then given Slot by the equation: 𝑐 Substrate 2 Ground Plane 𝐿= − 2∆𝐿 () 2𝑓√𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 Microstrip Line B. Triangular Patch Fig. 4. Aperture-Coupled Feed. W In an aperture coupled feed, the ground plane with a slot L a or aperture, usually rectangular, is placed between two substrates of different permittivities. This aperture couples the ℎ𝑝 energy from the feed line to the radiating patch, with the latter h positioned on the upper substrate, while the feed line, which Fig. 7. Triangular Patch Antenna. is a microstrip, is located below the lower substrate.  The side length of the triangular patch antenna (a) is It’s observed that the antenna resonance at frequency calculated as: 2.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧 with reflection coefficient of −37.53𝑑𝐵 and the 2𝑐 ℎ 𝑎= − () simulated gain in the 2.45 GHz band is 5.8 𝑑𝐵𝑖. 3𝑓 √𝜀𝑟 √𝜀𝑟 B. Design of Coaxial Probe Feed The effective side length of the triangular patch antenna (𝑎𝑒 ) is calculated as: ℎ 𝑎𝑒 = 𝑎 + () √𝜀𝑟 (a) (b) C. Circular Patch Fig. 12. (a) The front plane, and (b) the ground plane of Antenna with W Coaxial Probe Feed. L r 0 phi=0 phi=90 0 S(1,1) 8 30 330 -5 ℎ𝑝 0 60 300 -10 S(1,1) (dB) h -8 -15 phi=0 (dBi) 90 270 -20 Fig. 8. Circular Patch Antenna. -8 -25 120 240 -30 0 The form factor (F) is calculated as: 150 210 -35 2,30 2,35 2,40 2,45 2,50 2,55 2,60 8 180 Frequency (GHz) 8.791×109 (a) (b) 𝐹= () 𝑓√𝜀𝑟 Fig. 13. (a) E-plane (phi = 90º), and H-plane (phi = 0º) of Antenna with The radius of the circle (r) is calculated as: Coaxial Probe Feed at 2.45 GHz (b) Reflection coefficient (𝑆11 ). 𝐹 𝑟= 2ℎ 𝜋𝐹 () It’s observed that the antenna resonance at frequency √1+ ×(ln( ) +1.7726) 𝐹𝜋𝜀𝑟 2ℎ 2.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧 with reflection coefficient of −32.92𝑑𝐵 and the simulated gain in the 2.45 GHz band is 5.72 𝑑𝐵𝑖. IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS The antennas designed were made with CST using two C. Design of CPW Feed different substrates for a patch antenna: the FR4 (𝜀𝑟 = 4.3 ) and the Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 (𝜀𝑟 = 2.2). Both substrates are 1.6 𝑚𝑚 thick, and the patch and ground plane are made of copper with a thickness of 0.035 𝑚𝑚. The simulation shows (a) (b) that the choice of substrate strongly influences the resonance frequency, bandwidth, efficiency and gain of the antenna. we Fig. 14. (a) The front plane, and (b) the ground plane of Antenna with CPW will explore the case of the triangle patch only. feed. phi=0 S(1,1) 0 0 phi=90 30 330 A. Design of Microstrip Line Feed 0 -10 -5 -15 60 300 -15 S(1,1) (dB) phi=0 (dBi) -30 -20 90 270 -25 -30 -30 -35 -15 120 240 -40 (a) (b) 0 150 210 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 180 Frequency (GHz) Fig. 9. (a) The front plane, and (b) the ground plane of Antenna with (a) (b) Microstrip line feed. Fig. 15. (a) E-plane (phi = 90º), and H-plane (phi = 0º) of Antenna with 0 CPW feed at 2.45 GHz (b) Reflection coefficient (𝑆11 ). -10 S ( 1 , 1 ) (dB) -20 Y=9 It’s observed that the antenna resonance at frequency -30 Y=9.5 Y=9.6 Y=9.7 Y=10 2.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧 with reflection coefficient of −40.36𝑑𝐵 and the -40 2,40 2,42 2,44 2,46 Frequency (GHz) 2,48 2,50 simulated gain in the 2.45 GHz band is 1.83 𝑑𝐵𝑖. Fig. 10. Evolution of parameter (𝑆11 ) as a function of Y. D. Design of Aperture Coupled Feed phi=0 S(1,1) 0 0 phi=90 8 30 330 -5 0 -10 60 300 S(1,1) (dB) -15 -8 phi=0 (dBi) -20 90 270 -25 -8 -30 120 240 -35 0 -40 (a) (b) 150 210 2,30 2,35 2,40 2,45 2,50 2,55 2,60 8 180 Frequency (GHz) (a) (b) Fig. 16. (a) The front plane, and (b) the ground plane of Antenna with Aperture Coupled Feed. Fig. 11. (a) E-plane (phi = 90º), and H-plane (phi = 0º) of Antenna with Microstrip line feed at 2.45 GHz (b) Reflection coefficient (𝑆11 ).  S(1,1) 8 30 0 330 phi=0 phi=90 0 shapes often yield more compact designs, which is 0 60 300 -5 advantageous for IoT devices. S(1,1) (dB) -10 -8 phi=0 (dBi) 90 270 -15 VI. CONCLUSION -8 0 120 240 -20 In conclusion, our study aims to provide a new and more 8 150 180 210 -25 2,40 2,42 2,44 Frequency (GHz) 2,46 2,48 2,50 comprehensive perspective on the optimization of patch (a) (b) antennas for IoT, taking into account the impact of different Fig. 17. (a) E-plane (phi = 90º), and H-plane (phi = 0º) of Antenna with power shapes and methods. The results obtained will not only Aperture Coupled Feed at 2.45 GHz (b) Reflection coefficient (𝑆11 ). improve the performance of IoT devices but also guide future research in this growing field. It’s observed that the antenna resonance at frequency 2.45 𝐺𝐻𝑧 with reflection coefficient of −22.44𝑑𝐵 and the REFERENCES simulated gain in the 2.45 GHz band is 6.77 𝑑𝐵𝑖. S. Ahmad, A. Ghaffar, M. Liaqat, H. Ali, M. Nadeem, and M. Anas, "A Compact Size Dual-Band Monopole Antenna Design for IoT E. Design of Proximity Coupled Feed Applications," in *2021 International Conference on Microwave and Antenna Communications (ICMAC)*, 2021, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.1109/ICMAC54080.2021.9678301. S. Ezzulddin, O. Hammd, R. Mahmud, and S. 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Touahani, "Effect of microstrip antenna The CPW feed stands out for its exceptional bandwidth feeding in the K-band," International Journal of Engineering and and frequency range, though it compromises on gain. The Technology, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 8, 2013. Microstrip Line Feed and Coaxial Probe Feed offer a balance M. Tareq and R. Ahmed, "Design and Performance Analysis of Coaxial Probe-fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) for IEEE of high gain and good impedance matching. Proximity and 802.11p Standard," IUBAT Review: A Multidisciplinary Academic Aperture Coupled Feeds provide competitive gain and good Journal, vol. 1, pp. 54-63, 2016. impedance matching with moderate bandwidth, making them versatile for various applications. Circular and triangular