Archaeology and Humanity's Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory PDF

Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory By Deborah I. Olszewski Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory Any questions about: 1.Central Andes Environment? Chapter 14 Andean South America and the Inka Empire Early Food Production Be...

Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory By Deborah I. Olszewski Archaeology and Humanity’s Story: A Brief Introduction to World Prehistory Any questions about: 1.Central Andes Environment? Chapter 14 Andean South America and the Inka Empire Early Food Production Before the Inka The Inka Empire After the Inka © 2018 3 Chapter 14 Learning Objectives 14.1 Review the timeline for this chapter. 14.2 Understand early food production in preInka South America. 14.3 Examine details of pre-Inka periods 14.4 Analyze the archaeology of the Inka Empire. 14.5 Review points of post-Inka culture © 2018 4 Timeline: Andean and Pacific South America Many groups predated the Inka Food crops included imported Maize and local domesticates. The Inka recorded and communicated information using khipu, a system of knotted cords. The Inka Empire was relatively brief (only about 100 years). © 2018 5 Map: South American Civilizations © 2018 6 Early Food Production 6000–4800 cal BC: wild foods were supplemented by maize and squash introduced from Mesoamerica. South American domesticates included potatoes, cotton, manioc, quinoa, and peanuts. Archaic people in the Andean highlands hunted wild camelids Llamas and alpacas were later important as beasts of burden and ritual animals in South American cultures. © 2018 7 Late Preceramic Period (1 of 2) 3300 – 1800 cal BC. Valdiva period of coastal Ecuador and Peru: diet of maize, squash, jackbeans, manioc, chili peppers, and arrowroot. They had also domesticated cotton for textiles. In the Andean highlands, guinea pigs were domesticated as a food resource. © 2018 8 Late Preceramic Period (2 of 2) By 2800 cal BC, several Valdiva period sites included large and small houses, mounds, plazas, feasting debris, and trash middens. By 2000 cal BC, coastal sites like El Paraíso had monumental constructions. The Andean “Kotosh Religious Tradition” (named after the Kotosh site) featured temples and artistic and architectural motifs that suggest a shared religious tradition. © 2018 9 Initial Period During the Initial period (1800 cal BC) sites were much larger and interconnected Pampas de las Llamas-Moxeke was a planned layout including two pyramids, platform mounds, plazas, more than 100 buildings, and two-headed snake imagery. The architectural style of Ushaped monuments is also seen at Chavín de Huántar in the Central © 2018 10 Chavín de Huántar https://youtu.be/PnIoffCCyBI?si=O69erGVkxjgPpyxv © 2018 11 Before the Inka After 900 cal BC, a decline in coastal sites, such as the Casma Valley, coincided with intensified monument building in the highlands – During the Early Horizon period, this is seen in the Chavín Horizon. – In the Early Intermediate period increasingly complex sociopolitical structures emerge in the Nazca, Requay, Cajamarca, Moche, and Gallinazo regional and interregional polities. – During the Middle Horizon period, state-level polities developed at Wari and Tiwanaku, and in the Chimú Empire of the Peruvian coast – The Inka began consolidating power over the highlands in the Late Intermediate period. © 2018 12 Early Horizon (1 of 2) Chavín Horizon: a set of shared artistic motifs that spread from the highlands to the Peruvian coast between 900 and 200 cal BC. Chavín imagery incorporated diverse ecological and animal imagery. This artistic style, including its “fanged deity,” was so widespread that some interpret it as an integrative religion. © 2018 13 Early Horizon (2 of 2) Chavín de Huántar: shows architectural continuity with earlier periods. Possibly constructed in the context of ritual feasting. Participants would take art and ideology with them, but they likely were not “ruled” by Chavín de Huántar. © 2018 14 Early Intermediate (1 of 4) The Southern Peruvian Coastal Area was dominated by the Nazca Culture from 100 BC – AD 700. Nasca created large (over 900 acre) petroglyphs by moving surface stones in patterns on the desert plateau—creating Nasca Lines. © 2018 15 Early Intermediate (2 of 4) The Central Highlands were home to the Requay Culture from AD 1 - 700. Requay manifests significant stylistic ties to coeval developments in the Central Andes, including the Moche, Salinar, and Gallinazo, Cajamarca, Lima, and montane forest cultures (see Lau 2002). © 2018 16 Early Intermediate (3 of 4) Between approximately AD 100 and 800, the Moche were a confederated chiefdom that spanned the north coast of Peru. Distinctive pottery featuring gods, animals, graphic sexual imagery, and war captives (see below). Built flat-topped pyramids and were consumers of metals including copper, gold and silver and their alloys © 2018 17 Early Intermediate (4 of 4) The Northern Coast of Peru was also home to the Gallinazo Culture from 100 BC – AD 700. The Gallinazo built monumental architecture, had a unique art style, controlled copper mines and extensive canal systems https://arcg.is/1r8b8q1 © 2018 18 Middle Horizon (1 of 2) Two Middle Horizon Andean highland empires chronologically overlapped with each other, and partially overlapped Moché: The Wari Empire and Tiwanaku Empire (Both AD 600 – 1000) Wari Empire art includes warriors with weapons, captives, and trophy heads. Evidence of violence, whether from warfare, raiding, or ritual elite fights, is found in many Wari archaeological contexts. Many sacrificial and/or trophy head victims were nonlocal people. © 2018 19 Middle Horizon (2 of 2) The Tiwanaku Empire centered near Lake Titicaca (AD 600 to 1000) was an integrated series of large urban centers, and smaller towns, villages, and hamlets. Unlike the Wari and Inka Empires, Tiwanaku consisted of a series of strategically located colonies in different ecological zones, not a contiguous territory, tied together by trade. © 2018 20 Late Intermediate Period There were multiple polities. One of these was the Chimú Empire of northern coastal Peru, occupied between AD 1370 and 1470. Chan Chan in the Moché Valley was the capital of the empire. © 2018 21 The Inka Empire (1 of 2) AD 1438 until AD 1533. Also called Tawantinsuyu or “land of the quarters” Both archaeological and historical records. The Inka rose to power relatively quickly via marriage alliances with neighboring and nonInka groups. © 2018 22 The Inka Empire (2 of 2) Cuzco, with its palaces, temples, and fortress compound, was considered the center of the world. When the Inka Empire reached its peak, it was the largest (2672 miles) pre-Spanish state-level polity in all of the Americas. © 2018 23 The Nonwritten or Written (?) Word The Inka never developed a written language They did, however, have oral traditions, artistic storytelling, and khipu Inka khipu are still undeciphered Khipu transmitted: – Accounting data like regional census and tribute records. – Store room and warehouse contents and herd counts. – Calendar events. – Nonnumerical verses. © 2018 24 Resource Networks, Trade, and Exchange (1 of 2) Inka ruling elites controlled raw material sources and exchange networks. When possible, all materials were acquired or produced within the empire’s boundaries (one exception was Spondylus shells). In some cases, the empire was expanded to encompass necessary resources, such as orerich parts of Bolivia and Chile, as well as to bring in new craftspeople. © 2018 25 Resource Networks, Trade, and Exchange (2 of 2) People had to document their permission to cross borders and possess certain luxury items. The state was linked by identity, ideology, and more literally, by an impressive series of roads stretching over 18,600 miles. © 2018 26 Social Life (1 of 2) The Inka Empire was extremely hierarchically organized and socially stratified. Cuzco was the center of the Inka world, but royals also owned estates throughout the empire. The most famous of these is Pachakuti’s architectural masterpiece (and modern tourist destination), Machu Picchu. Inka social hierarchy had a strong preference for individuals who were ethnically Inka, though one could achieve the status of “Inka by privilege.” © 2018 27 Social Life (2 of 2) Nonelites and people of non-Inka ethnicity were only allowed to live in settlements surrounding Cuzco, not the city itself. The status and social expectations of individuals would have been signified in many ways, including their clothing styles. Despite the ethnocentrism of Inka elites, places like Huánuco Pampa were the setting of camelid meat and chica (maize beer) feasts for the general public. © 2018 28 Ritual and Religion (1 of 2) The Inka creation myth places their origins at Lake Titicaca, and Inka rulers claimed direct descent from the Sun god (Inti). Major gods, like the Sun god’s wife Moon and the Thunder god, had temples dedicated to them in towns across the empire, from Cuzco to the islands of Lake Titicaca. In addition to deities, the Inka viewed the landscape itself as sacred: mountain tops, springs, caves, trees, stones, and fields could all be places of reverence. © 2018 29 Ritual and Religion (2 of 2) Especially in later years, the Inka engaged in an ancestor cult in which the mummies of deceased rulers would be paraded around, visit with other mummies, be entertained and talked to, and be offered food and beverage. Sacrifices of adults or children often became naturally mummified in the dry, cold conditions at high altitude (see, for example, the Inka “ice maiden”). The start of plowing was a major, 8- to 9-day festival featuring the current Inka ruler, mummies, and feasts of meat and chica—all meant to ensure a successful harvest. © 2018 30 Warfare and Violence Inka expansion, which began as early as AD 1000–1200, was achieved by military force but also diplomacy and negotiation. Defeated warriors would be prime candidates for ritual sacrifice. The Inka had a required period of military service, much like a draft, but later developed a professional full-time army of soldiers who tended to be more committed and loyal. © 2018 31 After the Inka The Spanish conquered the Inka relatively quickly, but not immediately upon their arrival in 1532. In AD 1533, the Spanish conquered Cuzco and co-ruled with prince Manqo Inka. The Inkas controlled areas east of Cuzco for decades until they, too, were conquered by the Spanish, effectively ending the Inka Empire in AD 1572. © 2018 32 Chapter 14 Review Learning Objectives 14.1 Review the timeline for this chapter. 14.2 Understand early food production in preInkan South America. 14.3 Examine details of pre-Inkan periods 14.4 Analyze the archaeology of the Inkan Empire. 14.5 Review points of post-Inkan culture © 2018 33