Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function PDF

Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function  Introduction of Animals Definition Animal diversity results from evolutionary pressure causing both anatomical (‘form’, aka physical structures) and physiological under (‘function’)...

Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function  Introduction of Animals Definition Animal diversity results from evolutionary pressure causing both anatomical (‘form’, aka physical structures) and physiological under (‘function’) adaptations t comp Animals are multicellular heterotrophic photosyn - cannot eukaryotes that lack cell walls; in order to survive they have evolved mechanisms involved in metabolic processes, defense, reproduction, regulation and more Adaptations occur at all levels of organization flexibility for movement > no cell wall open - metabolic path way organ system · · enzymes produced  problems cannot Body Plans always be around evolved Animals are limited by physical and physiological constraints in their adaptations Example: body size Larger size requires more support (internal or external) – in a marine environment the water supports greater size; on land a skeleton of some sort is necessary, but heavy and requires musculature => bigger/heavier slower ( & supports huge size of whale  Land: cheetah max Body Plans Con’t speed ~75mph Example: speed -dep. on air, land where , you H20 are Adaptations to different environments lead to different features On land, speed generally requires longer legs On water and in air, speed generally requires streamline body Air: peregrine Water: black falcon, max marlin, max speed speed ~230mph ~80mph Streamline body (narrow wide mid , narrow = reducing H2 · limitations front back drag · fins = balance biggr-more strength faster - smaller · strong tail of propel  · must be wet inside to Body Plans Con’t exchange to allow material Example: exchange with environment Nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases must be collected, processed, and released; mechanisms differ between marine and terrestrial systems High demand organisms tend to be larger and more active with more complex and efficient systems for digestion, respiration, circulation, and excretion Relates to surface-area-to-volume Single-celled organisms vs. small multicellular vs. larger multicellular Exchange must occur in fluid (external or internal)  Body Plans Con’t Animals are studied at various levels, and organized into a hierarchical - where evolution system: occurs Cells Tissues (groups of similar cells) Organs (multiple tissue types) accomplishto same function Organ systems (groupings of organs) ( Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, nervous I only for 1 purpose cummulatively support animal / digestive : nutrients in basic unit of respiratory : gas exchange life  Overview of Tissue skin I Four types of tissue in animals: Epithelial: covering/lining -interact inside or outside Connective: support/protect - bones bones : : bones muscle Muscle: movement Nervous: receipt, processing, & transmitting information - perceive (senses) information Connective - processing padding · -creating a response holds organs in place  function Form determines Clining) against open surface at a barrier - stratified open space squamous simple epithelium ubodilresum I I 8/ I lumen epithelium simple ( same ~ height/width columnar j epithelium for protection - messy , notwe looks layers like many layers) oriented neatly thick but [ only I epithelium - bladder ; stretches has cilia 3 criteria C ? transitional-requires before/after 1. is it at an open space · bladder. 2 How thick ? I cell thick > - simple absorption 2 + > - stratified ostretching 3. shape of cell ? 1. what does ECM look like ? · blood bone are all connective +issue , · solid fluid · support/protection semisolid : collegen + 10 beams for E support space for ECM - no fat , -  ) involuntary ( stomacon ↑ moving with bones blood Orientation - pumps heart hollow organstodiff - lining of. - cyclindrical long w/ multiple more things · , branched tapered shape thre nuclei -intercalated disc : gap junctions studiations > - to facilitate all cells squeeze materials through acting - as I  interneurons motor , sensory , thinking ' processing , information f grab Support around neuron can divide cancer causing  nervous controlled by Coordination & Control - - now plants respond to environ. Two systems regulate body functions: Endocrine system: collection of glands that release signals (hormones) into bloodstream Regulate functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction Hormones can trigger different responses in different tissue types and work at very low concentrations (can be relatively fast-acting, but effects tend to linger/maintain) Nervous system: combination of sensory receptors and processing regions Nerves use electrical and chemical signals to communicate Can trigger release of hormones, muscle contractions, general ‘responsiveness’ Act extremely quickly, but not prolonged diff. responses dep. on location/organ  requires energy conditions conformer Internal ↓ : thermal same as environment Managing the Internal Environment - Genergya body ( temp Regulating vs. conforming Maintain internal conditions vs. match low requirements for regulation external conditions Regulation is an example of DH sugar · content homeostasis (maintenance of stable blood pressure state) Must have a set point to maintain, a sensor &to recognize, a control center to analyze I S and cause a response Achieved via feedback loops recog temp S Positive feedback amplifies. nervous Negative feedback controls = for regulation system counteract change - for homeostasis necessary - from further not good for homeostasis=> moves far away requires control ; ex. labor delivery : baby stress release oxytocin or an end point mom => squeeze out until baby is out (endpoint)  salinity pressure pu / , , What to Regulate? form/function combo of Temperature (thermoregulation) Endothermics generate heat internally via metabolic processes Ectothermics gain heat externally via outside sources (ex: basking) ex lizard. Poikilotherms vary their internal conformer (range - of temperature) temperature with the environment Homeotherms have relatively constant regulator - internal temperatures While endotherms tend to also be homeotherms, and ectotherms tend to be poikilotherms this is not always the case ↳ not exclusive Temperature Con’t next flows to cooler areas How is heat gained or lost? => 4 ways Radiation (electromagnetic waves) Evaporation (loss of water and heat) Convection (water or wind) heat lost Conduction (direct transfer from object) must touch - - from environment Thermoregulation requires balancing heat gain/loss by manipulating the above factors through behaviors and/or internal metabolic activities  Temperature Con’t birds : feathers mammals : hair How to control heat gain/loss: - fat (ex. blubber) Insulate (mostly in mammals & birds) Control circulation (divert blood toward or away from skin) out blood access wind · to to cool down wo H2O loss Countercurrent flow -warm bloud S Gold blood Seen warms from in fennec foxes not blood near by Greduces energy loss arctic hares : small to heavily minimize furred ears heat loss to heat body  Temperature Con’t Evaporative cooling Behavior dig - ex. chill in hole a shade Shivering not pee much on movement yourself Acclimation (long-term, seasonal) Winter coat/summer coat Fever (short-term) L ; associated temporary with infection heat from shivering : generate more muscles convert ATP > - Metabolism definition ↑ Combination of all chemical reactions occurring in the body – both endergonic (requiring energy) and exergonic (releasing energy) Bioenergetics (overall flow and energy transformations) determine nutritional needs math calculation ; calorie deficit Metabolic rate = sum of all energy used over a set period of time (usually measured in joules ( or Calories (really kilocalories)) Basal metabolic rate – the minimum metabolic rate for survival (just keeping alive) ↳ different ; dep on diff. factors How many calories do use per day  · ↑ size = ↓ metabolic rate ↓ ↑ metabolic rates season/temperature = · Metabolism Con’t Hiberation wake up : metabolic cycles Metabolic rates influenced by: ↑ Size, activity, season/temp I un everything on