History of the UK PDF

Created by Turbolearn AI History of the UK The history of the UK is a long and complex one, spanning thousands of years. The first inhabitants of the UK were the Picts, who arrived around 10,000 years ago. They were later pushed north into what is now Scotland by the Celts, who arrived from Europe...

Created by Turbolearn AI History of the UK The history of the UK is a long and complex one, spanning thousands of years. The first inhabitants of the UK were the Picts, who arrived around 10,000 years ago. They were later pushed north into what is now Scotland by the Celts, who arrived from Europe around 1,000 B.C. The Romans invaded the UK in A.D. 43 and ruled for nearly 400 years, introducing many inventions and innovations, including: Roads Forts Walls (including Hadrian's Wall) Baths Aqueducts Sewers Large villas The Angles, Jutes, and Saxons, Germanic peoples, arrived in the UK in the sixth century A.D. and named the land England. The people living there were known as Anglo-Saxons. Key Events Some key events in the history of the UK include: The Roman Conquest of England and Wales in 43 A.D. The Battle of Hastings in 1066, where William the Conqueror defeated King Harold The sealing of the Magna Carta in 1215, which guaranteed the rights of the English nation and the freedom of the Church The Black Death in 1346, which killed over a quarter of the population and had a significant impact on society The Wars of the Roses, a civil war over the crown of England between the Houses of York and Lancaster Tudor Dynasty The Tudor dynasty began with Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII in 1485. He was followed by five more Tudor monarchs, including: Page 1  Created by Turbolearn AI King Henry VIII, known for having six wives and initiating the Reformation Elizabeth I, known as the "Golden Age" of England, during which theatre and playwriting flourished Patron Saints and National Symbols Each of the four countries that make up the UK has its own patron saint, flag, and floral emblem. The following table summarizes this information: Patron Country Flag Floral Emblem Saint Red dragon on a white and green Leek and Wales St David background daffodil England St George White with a red cross Tudor rose Scotland St Andrew Blue with a white "X" symbol Purple thistle Northern St Patrick Red "X" symbol on a white background Shamrock Ireland The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is a combination of the flags of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Geography of the UK The UK is a group of islands located between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. It is separated from continental Europe by the English Channel, which is now easily crossed thanks to the Channel Tunnel. The main island is surrounded by several smaller ones, including the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, and the Hebridean archipelagos. Some key facts about the geography of the UK include: Page 2  Created by Turbolearn AI No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea The UK is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland The full name of the country is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The capital city of the UK is London, which is also the capital of England and the largest metropolitan area in the UK.## Geography of the UK The United Kingdom is composed of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Scotland is located in the north of Great Britain and its capital is Edinburgh. Northern Ireland is situated in the north-east part of the island of Ireland and its capital city is Belfast. It is essential to note that Ireland is not part of the UK. Wales is located in the west of Great Britain and its capital city is Cardiff. The UK's landscape is varied, ranging from the Grampian Mountains in Scotland to the English lowlands. The highest mountain in the UK is Ben Nevis, with a summit of 1,345 meters above sea level, situated in the Grampians, Scotland. Other notable geographical features include the Pennines, a range of hills running down the center of northern England, and the Lake District, a national park with numerous lakes, including Lake Windermere. Notable Lakes and Rivers The largest lake in the UK is Lough Neagh, located in Northern Ireland, covering an area of 396 square kilometers. Other notable lakes include Loch Lomond in Scotland and Lake Windermere in the Lake District. The longest river in the UK is the Severn, stretching 338 kilometers from its source in Wales to the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol in England. Natural Wonders The UK is home to several natural wonders, including: Page 3  Created by Turbolearn AI Durdle Door, a limestone arch formed around 10,000 years ago Giant's Causeway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site formed between 50 to 60 million years ago Fingal's Cave, a spectacular and mysterious cave on the uninhabited Isle of Staffa, Northern Ireland Seven Sisters, a series of monumental chalk cliffs within the South Downs National Park in East Sussex Scafell Pike, England's highest mountain, located in the Lake District History of the USA The history of the United States of America is a long and complex one, spanning centuries. The Pilgrim Fathers arrived in the New World from England on the Mayflower in the early 17th century, establishing colonies in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Key Figures Some key figures in American history include: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, known as the Founding Fathers Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, who played a crucial role in the Civil War and the abolition of slavery Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, millionaires and philanthropists who made significant contributions to American industry and society Thomas Edison, who invented and developed commercially available electric light bulbs Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th American president, who created the first American National Parks and fought against corruption and monopoly power Timeline of Major Events Page 4  Created by Turbolearn AI Year Event 1565 Spanish explorers arrive in present-day St. Augustine, Florida 1587 British explorers arrive in present-day Virginia 1606 Jamestown, Virginia is founded 1608 Canadian Quebec is founded by the French 1609 The Dutch start a colony that becomes present-day New York 1619 African slaves are first brought to the American colonies 1776 The Declaration of Independence is signed 1861 The Civil War begins 1865 The Civil War ends, and slavery is officially abolished 1932 The Great Depression begins 1969 NASA lands the first human on the moon 2001 The 9/11 attacks occur The Declaration of Independence is a document that declared the 13 American colonies' independence from Great Britain and established the United States of America as a sovereign nation. The Civil War was a four-year conflict between the Union (the northern states) and the Confederacy (the southern states) over issues such as slavery and states' rights. The Great Depression was a period of severe economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s. The 9/11 attacks were a series of terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, resulting in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people.## History of the USA The Pilgrims arrived in what is now the USA on the ship called the Mayflower. The Founding Fathers of the USA include: George Washington Thomas Jefferson John Adams Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton John Jay James Madison Other notable historical figures include: Page 5  Created by Turbolearn AI Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, who were millionaires and philanthropists in the 19th and 20th centuries Thomas Edison, who invented the electric light bulb Amelia Earhart, who was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic John F. Kennedy, who was the president assassinated in 1963 Abraham Lincoln, who was the president who abolished slavery The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 and stated the independence of the British colonies. Timeline of Events The following events occurred in the specified centuries or years: Event Time Period Settlement of first colonies 16th century Declaration of Independence 1776 Civil War 1861 Immigrants from Europe arrive in America 20th century Foundation of NASA 1958 9/11 tragedy in New York September 2001 Geography of the USA The United States of America is located between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It is the third largest country in the world by size and is bordered to the north by Canada and to the south by Mexico. The country is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, where the capital, Washington, is located. The terrain of North America is varied, with mountains rising in the west, including the Rockies, which is the longest chain in North America. The temperate rainforest is located in the north-west and is home to indigenous plants such as the Sitka spruce, western red cedar, and Douglas fir. The temperate rainforest is also home to native animal species, including black bears, Roosevelt elk, and marmots. The term indigenous refers to something that is native or characteristic to a specific place or region. Page 6  Created by Turbolearn AI Other notable geographical features of the USA include: The Great Plains, which cover the central part of the continent and are known for their rich soil and vast quantities of grains The Great Lakes region, which is a chain of freshwater lakes in east-central North America The Appalachian mountain range, which rises in the east coast region The Atlantic coastal plain, which is an area stretching eastwards from the Appalachian mountains to the east coast of the USA Quick Facts about the USA The following are some quick facts about the USA: Natural wonders: Yellowstone National Park, which has the world's most active geysers Death Valley, which is North America's driest and hottest spot Grand Canyon, which is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, which is famous for the largest active volcano in the world, Mauna Loa Highest point: Mount McKinley, Denali, Alaska, 6,190m Lowest point: -86m, Death Valley Largest city: New York City, with a population of 23.7 million people Longest river: Missouri River Largest lake: Lake Superior Largest state (by area): Alaska Largest state (by population): California History of Canada The first people to arrive in Canada were the indigenous peoples, who arrived between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago across a land bridge that joined Asia and North America. Leif Eriksson, a Viking explorer, arrived in Newfoundland in Canada around 1,000 A.D. The French and British settlers arrived in Canada in the 16th century, and the country was claimed by King Francis I of France. The name Canada is derived from the Iroquian word "kanata", which means "village". Page 7  Created by Turbolearn AI The term Viking refers to a member of a group of Norse seafarers who raided and settled in various parts of Europe during the Middle Ages. The French and Indian War ended with the British gaining control of Canada, but French influence is still visible and strong even today. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave priority to British laws and institutions, but allowed religious freedom for Catholics and permitted the practice of French civil law. Geography of Canada The following are some facts and figures about the geography of Canada: Page 8  Created by Turbolearn AI Fact Description Second largest country in the Size world, after Russia Shares a border with only one Border country, the United States of America 36 million people, 81% of Population whom live in cities Three categories: Inuit, Metis, Indigenous peoples and First Nations Extremely long, with some of Coastline the top ten biggest islands in the world More than 3 million lakes, with Great Bear Lake and Lakes Great Slave Lake being the biggest lakes in the world Capital city Ottawa Toronto, with a population of Largest metropolitan area over 6 million people Mackenzie River, which is Longest river 4,241 km long Mount Logan, Yukon Highest mountain Territory, 5,959 m above sea level Canada is home to giant animal residents such as moose, woodbison, polar bears, and grizzly bears. Other iconic Canadian animals are wolverines, beavers, Canadian geese, bobcats, cougars, caribous, killer whales, and blue whales. History of Australia The first people to appear in Australia were the Aborigines, which in Latin means "original inhabitants". They travelled to Australia from Asia about 40,000 years ago and learned how to survive in the difficult conditions of the outback. Page 9  Created by Turbolearn AI The outback refers to the remote and arid regions of Australia, characterized by extreme heat, dryness, and limited access to resources. The next people to come to Australia were Chinese explorers around 2,500 years ago, followed by Dutch explorers in 1606. British settlers arrived and settled in Australia in 1788. Geography of Australia Australia is an island country surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the smallest continent in the world, but also the second biggest island in the world. The country consists of six states: New South Wales South Australia Western Australia Victoria Queensland Tasmania Some key facts about Australia's geography include: The Great Dividing Range stretches over 3,500 km, making it the longest mountain range in Australia. Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain in Australia. The Great Barrier Reef is the biggest coral reef system in the world, consisting of more than 3,000 reefs and 900 islands. The Murray River is 2,508 km long. Australian Trivia Some interesting facts about Australia include: Australia is the largest country without land borders and the largest country in the Southern hemisphere. The country is home to a unique set of animals, including kangaroos, wombats, koalas, and dingos. The Aborigines make up 2% of Australia's population today, with most living in the desert areas of the outback. New Zealand - History and Geography Page 10  Created by Turbolearn AI The first settlers in New Zealand were the Maori people, who arrived as early as 1300 A.D. The land was later discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and British discoverer James Cook. The Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840, is recognized as the founding document of New Zealand, granting the British crown sovereignty over the islands while guaranteeing the Maori people control over their land and cultural practices. Some key facts about New Zealand's geography include: The country consists of two main islands: North Island and South Island. The Pacific Ocean surrounds the country. The capital city is Wellington, with a population of 420,000. New Zealand Trivia Some interesting facts about New Zealand include: The country is home to over 26 million sheep, earning it the nickname "the land of sheep". The highest mountain in New Zealand is Aoraki (formerly known as Mount Cook), standing at 3,724 m high. Lake Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand, located on the North Island. Education in the United Kingdom The academic year in the UK typically starts in early September and ends in late July, with three terms: Term Duration Break Autumn 13 weeks 1 week (half term) + 2 weeks (end of term) Spring 13 weeks 1 week (half term) + 2 weeks (end of term) Summer 13 weeks 1 month (summer holidays) Education in the UK starts at the age of 4, with primary school consisting of seven years, including a Foundation Year. Students take SATs in Year 2 and Year 6 to assess their progress. Page 11  Created by Turbolearn AI SATs (Statutory Assessment Tests) are standardized tests used to evaluate students' knowledge and understanding in core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science. After primary school, students attend secondary school for five years, culminating in GCSE exams. Students can then pursue Sixth form or college to prepare for university or vocational careers. Level Age Duration Qualification Primary school 4-11 7 years SATs 11- Secondary school 5 years GCSE exams 16 16- Sixth form 2 years A-level Certificates 18 Vocational diplomas or College 16+ variable certificates Bachelor's degree (e.g., Undergraduate studies 18+ variable BA, BEng) Master's degree (e.g., Postgraduate studies 18+ variable MA) The education systems in these countries have distinct features. UK Education System In the UK, students can pursue a Professional Doctorate Degree, which is considered the highest postgraduate achievement. A PhD degree involves conducting independent and original research in a specific field or subject. A PhD degree is a postgraduate degree that requires original research in a specific field, contributing to the existing body of knowledge. Some of the most recognizable universities in the UK include: Page 12  Created by Turbolearn AI University of Oxford University of Cambridge Imperial College in London University College London (UCL) University of Edinburgh King's College London London School of Economics and Political Science Tuition fees in the UK vary from £11,000 to £40,000 per year. USA Education System The academic year in the USA starts in early September and ends in mid-June, with two semesters. The education stages in the USA are: Preschool: starts at the age of 2 Elementary school: starts at the age of 5, ends at the age of 10 Middle school: starts at the age of 11, ends at the age of 13 High school: starts at the age of 14, ends at the age of 16 or 18 High school students take SATs (Scholastic Aptitude Test) to check their knowledge of Maths, Science, writing skills, reading comprehension, and English. The grades in high school are: Freshman: Grade 9 Sophomore: Grade 10 Junior: Grade 11 Senior: Grade 12 College and University Education in the USA After high school, students can attend college or university, which are practically the same, with universities being bigger and more prestigious. College and university education in the USA is not free, and students have to pay tuition fees, as well as "room and board" fees. Types of colleges in the USA include: Page 13  Created by Turbolearn AI Public colleges: funded by cities and state funds, offering low tuition for students living in the city or state Private colleges: funded by donations, smaller and more exclusive Community colleges: the most affordable, but less prestigious, offering two- year courses Ivy League Schools The Ivy League Schools are a group of private universities that are considered the most prestigious and exclusive in the country. The Ivy League Schools include: Brown University Columbia University Cornell University Dartmouth College Harvard University Princeton University University of Pennsylvania Yale University Canada Education System The school year in Canada starts in early September and ends in mid-June. The education stages in Canada are: Primary school: starts with Kindergarten, ends at Grade 8 Secondary school: starts at Grade 9, ends at Grade 12 Post-secondary education: colleges offer shorter degrees, universities offer four to five-year programs Degree Duration Bachelor's Degree 3-4 years Master's Degree 1-3 years Australia and New Zealand Education System Page 14  Created by Turbolearn AI The school year in Australia and New Zealand starts in late January and runs until mid-December, divided into two semesters with four terms. The education stages in Australia and New Zealand are: Primary school: starts at Kindergarten or Preparatory, ends at Year 6 Secondary school: starts at Year 7, ends at Year 12 Tertiary education: includes vocational education and universities The tuition fees in Australia and New Zealand vary, and students have to pay for housing and food. Students in Australia and New Zealand can apply for scholarships or student loans to pay for their education expenses.## Education System in Australia The education system in Australia consists of several stages. Children aged 11 to 12 years old attend secondary school, which lasts for four years. This is followed by senior secondary school, which runs for two years, comprising Year 11 and Year 12. To attend an Australian university or vocational training school, students must acquire a certificate by passing a national exam, which has different names in each Australian state. Tertiary Education in Australia Tertiary education includes vocational education and training and universities. Students can obtain the basic university qualification, which is the Bachelor's Degree, typically lasting three to five years. High-achieving students may be granted an additional year of study to graduate with a Bachelor's Degree with Honours. After completing their Bachelor's Degree, students may proceed to a Master's Degree, which takes an additional one or two years to finish. The highest academic achievement in Australia is the Doctoral Degree. British Scientists Some notable British scientists include: Page 15  Created by Turbolearn AI Isaac Newton (1643-1727): an English physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, alchemist, theologian, and historian. He is famous for his contributions to the Scientific Revolution and classical mechanics. Charles Darwin (1809-1882): an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who formulated the theory of evolution, including natural selection and the struggle for existence. Ada Lovelace (1815-1852): an English mathematician, writer, and poet who is considered the first computer programmer. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922): a Scottish inventor who discovered the conditions needed to transmit sound over wires using electric waves. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955): a Scottish microbiologist and physician who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. Sir Walter Haworth (1883-1950): an English chemist who worked on vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937. Steven Hawking (1942-2018): an English physicist, cosmologist, and mathematician known for his groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology. Sir Gregory Winter (1951-): an English molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018 for his work on antibodies. Technological Achievements and Inventions in the UK Some notable technological achievements and inventions in the UK include: Page 16  Created by Turbolearn AI The reflecting telescope (1668) by Isaac Newton The seed drill (1701), a key component of the British Agricultural Revolution The steam engine (1698-1801) The first practical hovercraft (1953) The Whittle turbo-jet engine (1929-1937) The first commercial telegraph (1837) The modern fire extinguisher (1818) The World Wide Web (1989) The light bulb by Joseph Swan (1879) The first working electric motor (1821) Portland cement (1824), which revolutionized the construction industry The first public railway (1825-1863), which ran between Stockton and Darlington The first successful flight (1849) by a glider The telephone (1876) The Rover, the first modern bicycle (1885) The spinning frame (1769), a crucial invention of the Industrial Revolution The match (1826), an indispensable fire starter The vaccine and discovery of immunology (1796) by Edward Jenner Dolly, the first mammal clone (1996) The tank (1914), a bulletproof "landship" invented by Ernest Swinton American Scientists Some notable American scientists include: Page 17  Created by Turbolearn AI Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): a Founding Father of the United States, diplomat, publisher, writer, scientist, and inventor. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931): one of America's greatest inventors, known for his practical applications of science. George Eastman (1854-1932): an American inventor and industrialist who revolutionized the photography industry. Edwin H. Land (1909-1991): a scientist who invented the first camera to take, develop, and print photographs within seconds, the Polaroid Land Camera. Henry Ford (1863-1947): an American industrialist and pioneer in the mass production of automobiles. Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1892): an American artist and inventor who developed the electromagnetic telegraph and the Morse code. Wright brothers, Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912): American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who built the first powered, controlled, and sustained aircraft. Steve Jobs (1955-2011): an American industrialist, inventor, and co-founder of Apple. Bill Gates (1955-): an American businessman, inventor, philanthropist, and co- founder of Microsoft. Vera Rubin (1928-2016): an American astronomer who discovered the first evidence of Dark Matter. J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967): an American physicist known as the "father of the atomic bomb". The Scientific Revolution was a period of significant scientific discovery and development in the 16th and 17th centuries, marked by a shift from traditional Aristotelian views to a more empirical and experimental approach to science. The following table summarizes the key inventions and discoveries of some notable scientists: Page 18  Created by Turbolearn AI Scientist Invention/Discovery Year Isaac Newton Reflecting telescope 1668 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876 Alexander Fleming Penicillin 1928 Groundbreaking work in physics 1960s- Steven Hawking and cosmology 1980s Light bulb, phonograph, and 1870s- Thomas Alva Edison motion picture camera 1880s George Eastman Kodak camera 1888 Assembly line production of Henry Ford 1908 automobiles Powered, controlled, and Wright brothers 1903 sustained aircraft The following scientists have made significant contributions to their respective fields: Linus Pauling (1901-1994): Won two Nobel Prizes for supporting nuclear disarmament and for his scientific research. Lewis Howard Latimer (1848-1928): Invented the electric lamp and contributed to the development of the telephone and Edison's light bulb. Lynn Margulis (1938-2011): Developed the endosymbiotic theory, which states that mitochondria are organelles found in all living cells. Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992): A computer scientist and military leader who programmed computers, leading to the development of COBOL, a programming language used today. Jonas Salk (1914-1995): Known for his research on the polio virus and the development of Salk's vaccine. John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928-2015): A brilliant mathematician who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994 for his theories used in the fields of economics, finance, mathematics, and philosophy. Technological Achievements in the USA The United States has been at the forefront of technological advancements, with 161 of Britannica's 42,321 greatest inventions being made in the country. Some notable inventions include: Page 19  Created by Turbolearn AI Aeroplane Internet Microchip Laser Cellphone Refrigerator Email Microwave Personal computer Liquid-crystal display and light-emitting diode technology Air conditioning Assembly line Space Exploration The United States has made significant contributions to space exploration, including: The Apollo Project The Apollo Project was a series of manned space flights undertaken by the United States between October 1968 and December 1972. The goal of the project was to land a man on the moon and return him safely to earth. The Apollo Project was a historic achievement that marked the first time humans walked on the moon. Mission Date Description Apollo 11 July 20, 1969 First lunar landing mission Apollo 15 July 1971 First mission to use the Lunar Rover The Lunar Rover The Lunar Rover was a highly sophisticated vehicle used by U.S. astronauts to explore the surface of the moon. It was first ridden by the fourth lunar mission, Apollo 15, in July 1971. Page 20  Created by Turbolearn AI The Lunar Rover was designed to allow astronauts to travel greater distances on the moon's surface, increasing the amount of scientific data that could be collected. Project Gemini Project Gemini was a series of 10 manned space flights undertaken by the United States in preparation for the Apollo moon landings. The project ran from 1965 to 1966 and included the first walk in space and the first linking of two spacecraft by human crews while in orbit. Project Mercury Project Mercury was the earliest project of rocket-powered flights with one astronaut aboard in the Mercury spacecraft. The project completed six successful missions, two suborbital and four orbital. Technology Companies The following companies have played a significant role in shaping the technology industry: IBM (International Business Machines Corporation): A leader in the field of computer hardware and software. Microsoft: A multinational technology company founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975. Apple Inc.: A multinational technology company founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in 1976. Google: A multinational computer company founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. The Big Five American IT Companies The Big Five American IT companies are: Page 21  Created by Turbolearn AI Alphabet (parent company of Google) Amazon Apple Inc. Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook) Microsoft Art in the UK and USA Art in the UK The UK has a rich history of art, with notable movements including: Romanticism: A movement that emphasized emotion and imagination. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood: A movement that sought to promote the color, detail, and complexity of compositions. Art Nouveau: A movement that emphasized sinuous, organic lines and flowing curves. Art in the USA The USA has a diverse and vibrant art scene, with notable movements including: Hudson River School: A movement that emphasized landscape painting. Abstract Expressionism: A movement that emphasized the process of creating art. Minimalism: A movement that emphasized simplicity and clean lines. Pop Art: A movement that emphasized popular culture and consumerism. Page 22  Created by Turbolearn AI Movement Description Notable Artists Emphasized emotion and Romanticism William Blake, J.M.W. Turner imagination Pre-Raphaelite Promoted color, detail, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Brotherhood complexity Everett Millais Emphasized sinuous, organic Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Art Nouveau lines and flowing curves Louis Comfort Tiffany Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Hudson River School Emphasized landscape painting Church Abstract Emphasized the process of Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko Expressionism creating art Emphasized simplicity and clean Minimalism Donald Judd, Dan Flavin lines Emphasized popular culture and Andy Warhol, Roy Pop Art consumerism Lichtenstein window.MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$'], ['\\(', '\\)']], displayMath: [['$$', '$$'], ['\\[', '\\]']] } }; Page 23