Production Activities - Social Studies Textbook PDF

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter Thirteen Production activities Introduction When you were in Standard Four, you learnt about various production activities done at street, village and ward levels. Al...

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter Thirteen Production activities Introduction When you were in Standard Four, you learnt about various production activities done at street, village and ward levels. Also, you learnt about the challenges which may arise at the time of carrying out such activities. In LY this chapter, you will learn about various means of production employed before and after independence and the income generated from the means of production. Also, you will learn the ways of improving production activities. N O Production activities Production refers to activities that human beings do in order to make products SE for their own use or for sale. These activities are of some benefit to individuals and to a nation. Examples of production activities include livestock keeping, crop cultivation, mining, fishing and manufacturing. U Exercise 1 Answer the following questions: E 1. Define the term production. N 2. Mention four production activities. LI Production activities done before independence N Before independence, the main production activities done in Mainland Tanzania were crop cultivation, livestock keeping and fishing. These O activities depended on the geographical conditions of a particular area. For example, farming was done in areas which had fertile land and plenty of R rainfall. Farms were small and they were for the production of food crops. Crop cultivation was done by using hand hoes. When the colonialists came, FO they also did agricultural activities. Africans were used as labourers. The colonialists practised large-scale farming. They cultivated cash crops such as sisal, tea, pyrethrum and coffee. They used machines like tractors to cultivate the crops. Cash crop cultivation was done in various regions. For 145 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 145 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DOin NOT example, sisal was grown DUPLICATE Morogoro and Tanga Regions, coffee in Kagera and Kilimanjaro Regions and tea in Iringa, Mbeya and Tanga Regions. Another production activity which was done by the Tanzanian people before independence was livestock keeping. Most of the pastoralists were found in areas with good pastures and water but without tsetse flies. The people who lived in such areas kept cattle, goats, sheep, chickens and ducks in order to get meat, milk, skin and eggs. They also kept donkeys for transporting material from one area to another. In areas with water bodies, fishing was done as a production activity. Fishing LY was done in the ocean, lakes, rivers and dams. Fishermen used simple indigenous tools like fish traps, hooks, bows and arrows and drag nets to catch fish. N Exercise 2 O Answer the following questions: 1. Mention two main activities of production done before independence. 2. SE What are the benefits of agriculture to a community? U 3. Mention two basic requirements of livestock keeping. 4. Mention two kinds of tools used in fishing before independence. E 5. Mention three cash crops which the colonialists cultivated. N Production activities done after independence LI The production activities which were done after independence were a N continuation of the production activities which were done before independence. The activities included crop cultivation, livestock keeping, fishing, commerce, O tourism and manufacturing. These activities are described below. Crop cultivation R Crop cultivation has continued to be the major production activity which is FO done by the majority of people in our country and it is the backbone of our national economy. It is conducted both on a small scale by individual farmers and on a large scale by private companies. In most cases, large farms are 146 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 146 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY owned by private investorsDO andNOT by theDUPLICATE government in partnership with certain private investors. Small-scale farming involves cultivating food crops like bananas, beans, maize and rice. Some of the rice-producing areas in Tanzania are Mbarali in Mbeya Region and Ifakara in Morogoro Region. In small-scale farming, simple tools such as hand hoes are still used. In large-scale crop cultivation, the cash crops grown include cotton, sisal, tea, coffee, cashew nuts, tobacco and sunflower. Farms are large in size and sometimes machines are used to plant and harvest crops. LY Livestock keeping Another production activity which continued to be done after independence N is livestock keeping. This activity is mainly done in areas where there are no O tsetse flies so that animals do not contract the sleeping sickness disease. Moreover, fish farming and poultry farming are done in various places in our country. Livestock keeping on a smal scale is practised by various people. SE Livestock keeping on a large scale is done by institutions and companies. Large-scale farms for livestock keeping are known as ranches. Examples of these ranches are found in Kongwa in Dodoma Region, Handeni in Tanga U Region and Ruvu in Coast Region. Moreover, there are large farms for keeping dairy cattle for milk production in Tanzania, for example the diary farm at Mpwapwa Livestock Training Institute in Dodoma Region. Diary E farms set aside areas for growing fodder in order to make sure that animals have enough fodder during the dry season. Grass is grown on farms and, N when it is fully grown, it is harvested and bound by special machines to make LI hay. Hay is preserved for the purpose of feeding animals during the dry season. Examples of such farms are found in Kiboriani in Kongwa District N and in Sanya juu, Kilimanjaro. O Activity 1 R Visit a place near your school in which animals are kept in FO order to learn how the animals are cared for. 147 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 147 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY Fishing DO NOT DUPLICATE Fishing is another production activity carried out by people in areas where there are water bodies. After independence, fishermen in areas located near the ocean, lakes, rivers and dams continued to engage in fishing to get income and food. The techniques used in fishing are the same as those used before independence. Some of the old tools which are still used are fish traps and spears. The modern tools which are used today include large and motorised boats as well as nets and hooks. Fishing for export is advanced in Mwanza Region and Kagera Region, where the Nile Perch is the main fish LY processed for export. An increase in the number of fish-processing industries has generated employment and income. Business activities N Business is another activity which was done by the Tanzanian people to earn O a living. Business activities can be categorised into two types, which are large-scale business activities and small-scale business activities. Large- SE scale business activities are carried out by large business companies such as Bakhresa Food Products Limited and Mohamed Enterprises Tanzania Limited. These companies and many others produce different kinds of U products for the local market and for export. Small-scale business activities are done by small-scale business persons who own shops which sell different kinds of commodities such as sugar, maize, wheat flour, soap and E rice. Small-scale traders known as “machingas” sell their products by moving from one place to another in search of customers. N Manufacturing activities LI Manufacturing activities are among the activities done for the purpose of producing goods. Some of the manufacturing industries in Tanzania N produce sugar, clothes and flour. Some of the manufacturing industries were O established by investors and different companies before the country got her independence. After independence, many industries were nationalised and became public property. However, many other industries were established R by the government. Manufacturing activities are important because they FO provide goods and employment opportunities to people. They also enable people to generate some income. Also, manufacturing activities contribute to the national income. In addition, industries stimulate the establishment or growth of other production activities such as the growth of the agricultural 148 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 148 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO sector because farmers sell NOT their DUPLICATE crops to them as raw materials. To sustain manufacturing activities, we need to ensure that electricity, raw materials, water and well-trained manpower are available in our country. Tourism Tourism is among the activities that were conducted before and after independence. The government, companies and some people are involved in the tourism sector. This sector has benefited people in various ways. For example, some people are employed in tourist hotels and others work as tour guides and drivers. Others make souvenirs like sculptures, drawings, LY baskets, bags, mats, hand-made clothes like batik, as well as Maasai shoes made of animal skins and beads and sell them to tourists. N Exercise 3 Answer the following questions: O 1. Mention the production activities which were carried out before independence and are still done (i) __________ (ii) __________ (iii) __________(iv) __________. SE 2. Large-scale farms on which animals are kept are called __________. U 3. Mention two regions with national ranches __________. 4. Some of the products which Tanzanians produce and which are sold E to tourists are __________ and __________. N 5. Mention three benefits of the tourism sector to our country. LI Ways of improving production activities N We have seen that there are many production activities which are done by O individuals, families or groups of people and companies in such sectors as fishing, manufacturing, agriculture and livestock keeping. In order for us to R sustain them, we need to improve the way in which these activities are done. FO Improving crop cultivation activities Crop cultivation activities can be improved if farmers use appropriate and quality farm inputs like fertilizers and seeds. Also, agricultural extension officers need to be close to farmers so as to give them awareness and advice 149 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 149 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT on good agricultural practices. OurDUPLICATE farming activities are heavily dependent on rainfall. Farmers should be educated and encouraged to increase production through irrigation methods in areas where water is available. The way farmers store their crops also needs to be improved so that the crops are not damaged. Most farmers cultivate their farms by using simple tools such as hand hoes. To increase production they need to use advanced and modern farming equipment like ox-drawn plough and tractors. Improving livestock keeping LY In order for livestock keepers to get more income from this activity, they should keep a few animals of high quality which can give high yields and quality products. This requires them to work very closely with livestock extension N officers so that they can advise them on good livestock keeping practices. O They need to be advised or educated on the identification of quality breeds, pasture development, storage of animal food, animal feeding and various diseases that can affect livestock. Improving fishing activities SE To make fishing activities to have positive effects, fishermen need to adopt U sustainable fishing practices. For example, they should use proper and modern fishing tools which are environmentally friendly so as to preserve fish-breeding sites and the aquatic ecosystem. Also, they should be provided E with education on proper fishing methods and on the effects of illegal fishing techniques like the use of poison, explosives and drag nets to catch fish. N LI Improving manufacturing activities Manufacturing industries need modern machines, adequate raw materials, N water, energy and markets to produce good and quality products. In order to improve production, manufacturing industries need to produce good O products and protect the market for their products. Also, emphasis should be put on the recycling of wastes in order to conserve the environment. R Improving business activities FO Businesses are important in production. Business activities will be improved if there is good transport infrastructure in the form of harbours, roads, railways and airports in our country. It is also important to have good communication 150 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 150 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT systems, international networks, DUPLICATE modern banking systems, good relations with other countries as well as adequate capital. Improving tourism activities Tourism is an important economic activity. To develop this sector, we must sustain hospitality, peace and harmony in our country. If we sustain them, many more tourists will visit Tanzania. Also, the quality of the places visited by tourists such as Mount Kilimanjaro, National Parks like Serengeti and Mikumi and the historical sites should be improved; the places should be conserved well so that they can provide quality and satisfactory services to LY tourists. Exercise 4 N Answer the following questions: O Match the items in Column A with corresponding items in Column B. No Column A 1. Wildlife areas Answers ( ) SE (a) Column B Foreign currency 2. Production activities ( ) (b) Going to school U (c) They come from Europe, 3. Investors ( ) America and other E 4. International tourists ( ) countries (d) Serengeti, Mikumi and N 5. National ranches ( ) Katavi LI (e) People with enough capital N (f) Crop cultivation, animal O husbandry, fishing and manufacturing R (g) Large-scale farms FO 151 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 151 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Income and expenditure The main purpose of carrying out production activities is to generate income. The income can be from crops, minerals, industrial products, sea products and animal products such as skin and tourism. Largely, the income goes directly to producers and employees. The government gets income through taxation of the products and of employees’ salaries. In addition, the government gets revenue by taxing the products exported to other countries and from the tourists who visit our tourist attractions. At individual level, the income obtained from the production activities is used to meet various needs LY like covering family expenses. The government used to provide basic social services like health, safe and clean water and education. It is also used to build various infrastructure facilities such as roads and to pay salaries and N wages to employees. Exercise 5 O Answer the following questions: 1. SE Mention one of the major production activities which continued after independence in Tanzania _________. 2. What should be done to make our farming practices better? U 3. Mention ways in which the government obtains revenue. E 4. The income which your family earns by doing various production activities is mostly used to meet _________. N Write True for a true statement and False for a false statement. LI 5. In Tanzania agriculture is done by only small-scale farmers. N __________ O 6. Drag nets reduce the quantity of fish. __________ 7. Sculptures attract tourists. __________ R 8. Mbarali District is famous for the cultivation of millet. __________ FO 9. Fishing activities require fishing officers. __________ 152 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 152 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY Fill in the gaps with theDO NOT correct DUPLICATE answer: 10. The two types of crops cultivated by large-scale investors are __________ and __________. 11. Two kinds of products from the craft industry are __________ and __________. 12. Industries can only be more productive if they __________ and __________. LY Vocabulary Drag net nets with large holes which are used to catch fish in N shallow water O Hook a narrow piece of steel which has been bent for the purpose of catching fish Ranch SE a special farm on which animals are raised and bred Sleeping sickness a disease which is spread by tsetse flies U Souvenir something that is kept as a reminder of a place, person or event E N LI N O R FO 153 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 153 30/07/2021 11:49