Class 12th English Exam Questions PDF

XII ENGLISH Ls -1 The Last Lesson (A. Daudet) Q 1- Why was Franz afraid of? Ans- Franz was late for school that morning. He feared that his would scold him. He did not learn his lesson on participles. Q 2-What was Franz expected to be prepared with for school that day? Ans - Franz was expected to b...

XII ENGLISH Ls -1 The Last Lesson (A. Daudet) Q 1- Why was Franz afraid of? Ans- Franz was late for school that morning. He feared that his would scold him. He did not learn his lesson on participles. Q 2-What was Franz expected to be prepared with for school that day? Ans - Franz was expected to be prepared with the rules for the use of participles. Q 3- What did Franz notice that was unusual about the school that day? Ans- The first thing Franz noticed was his teacher's very fine dress. The whole school seemed very strange. The village People was sitting there on the back benches. Q 4- What had been put up on the bulletin board? Ans- Orders had been come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. Q 5- What changes did the orders from Berlin cause in school that day? Ans -The whole school seemed very strange. The village People was sitting there on the back benches. Q 6- How did Franz's feeling about M. Hamel and school change? Ans - Franz was shocked. But now he was sorry that he would never see M. Hamel again. Now he no longer hated school. Q 7- The people in this story suddenly realize how precious there language is to them? What shows you this? Ans - This shows that they have great love for their language. Once it is taken away from them, they feel hurt. This happens because of the orders had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. Q 8- Franz thinks, ' Will they make them sing in German ' even the pigeons? Ans - It means that Germans can enslave the French but they cannot take away their love of the French language. Q 9- What did M. Hamel say about French language? Ans - M Hamel called French, the most beautiful language in the world. It was the clearest and most logical language. Q 10- What words of M. Hamel were a thunder clap to Franz? Ans- M. Hamel told the children that it would be his last lesson to his class. Orders had been come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. He said that the new master was coming the next day. Summary - Franz was late for school. He feared that his teacher M. Hamel would scold him. He did not learn his lesson on participles. He reached the school. The school usually began with a great bustle. The first thing French noticed was his teacher’s very fine dress. He was wearing a beautiful green coat and a frilled shirt. The whole school seemed very strange. The village people were sitting there on the back benches. M. Hamel told the children that it would be his last lesson to his class. Orders had come from Berlin to teach only German in the school of Alsace and Lorraine. He said that the new teacher was coming the next day. Franz was shocked. But now he was sorry that he would never see M. Hamel again. M. Hamel called French the most beautiful language in the world. He said that it was the clearest and most logical language. He wanted his people to keep it alive and never forget it. He took a piece of chalk and wrote in big letters, 'Long Live France! ' Poem-1 (My Mother at sixty-six) (Kamla Das)-. It was a Friday morning. The poetess was driving to the Cochin airport. Her sixty-six year old mother was sitting beside her. The poetess turned to look at her mother. She saw that the mother looked as pale as death. A sad thought came into the poetess’s mind. But she soon drove this thought away and started looking at the trees that seemed to be running fast. She saw children running out of their homes in joy. After reaching the airport, the poetess went through the security check. She again looked at her mother. The mother looked very pale and weak. But the poetess said only this, “See you soon, Amma.” Then she smiled and smiled and smiled. Q 1- What is the kind of pain and ache that the poet feels? Ans - The poetess turned to look at her mother. She saw that the mother looked as pale as death. A sad thought came into the poetess' mind. This thought gave her pain. Q 2- Why are the young trees described as 'sprinting'? Ans - The poetess was driving to the Cochin airport. She started looking at the trees that seemed to be running fast. It was only the car that was running, not the trees. Q 3- Why has the brought in the image of the merry children spilling out of their homes? Ans - It shows the difference between the childhood and the old age. Childhood is full of happiness and the old age is full of sad thoughts. Q 4- Why has the mother been compared to the 'late winter's moon '? Ans - Old age is the time of inactivity and dullness. The late winter's moon is also last time of the year. The mother looked very pale and weak like winter's moon. Q 5- What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify? Ans - The poetess went through the security check. She again looked at her mother. The mother looked very weak and pale. But the poetess said only, 'see you soon, Amma. ' Q 6- Where was the poet going? Who was sitting beside her? Ans - The poetess was driving to  the Cochin airport. Her sixty-six year old mother was sitting beside her. She saw that her mother looked as pale as death. BOOK – 2 VISTA Lesson – 1 The Third Level – (Jack Finney) Summary-It is impossible for two different periods of history to exist simultaneously. In this story, we find the nineteenth century and the modern century existing side by side. The grand central station has two levels where modern new-style currency is used. There is also third level where the old-style currency of eighteen-ninety something is used. The Third Level is merely a fantasy that exists in Charley’s mind only. It is his escapist fantasy. His psychiatrist friend, Sam, is right when he calls it “a waking-dream wish fulfillment”. Charley’s visit to the third level is all a fantasy. He takes it for a reality and plans a journey to Galesburg. He even exchanges his new bills of three hundred dollars for old style bills. But he is never again able to find the third level. The writer finds among his stamp collection an envelope. It had been mailed to his grandfather. The postmark showed July 18, 1894 the paper inside the envelope bore a note from Sam. It said that he had found the third level and had reached Galesburg. He invited Charley and Louisa also to come there. Q 1 What does the third level refer to? Ans- The third level refers to the past. It is merely a fantasy that exists in Charley’s mind only Q 2- Would Charley ever go back to the ticket-counter on the third level to buy tickets to Galesburg for himself and his wife? Ans- Charley would never be able to go back to the third level because the third level is merely a fantasy that exists in Charley’s mind only. There was no such place as the third level at the Grand Central. Q 3- Do you think the third level was a medium of escape for Charley? Why? Ans- The Third Level is merely a fantasy that exists in Charley’s mind only. So we can say that the third level is nothing but a medium of escape for Charley. Q 4- What do you infer from Sam’s letter to Charley? Ans- Sam is Charley’s psychiatrist. He is right when he calls it “a waking-dream wish fulfillment”. But he later searches for the third level and finds it. From there he writes a letter to Charley. In it he asks him to searching for the third level and come to Galesburg as soon as possible. Q 5- ‘The modern world is full of insecurity, fear, war and stress.’ What are the ways in which we attempt to overcome them? Ans- We escape the worries and stress of the modern world by escaping into another world, real or imaginary. In the real world, some people take interest in games, reading books, painting and singing etc. These divert our mind from tensions for some time. Q 6- Do you see an intersection of time and space in the story? Ans- Yes, there is an intersection of time and space in the story. Charley lives in the present time but he goes to the third level where everything belongs to the period of 1890’s. But later Sam searches for the third level and finds it. From there he writes a letter to Charley that is dated 18 July 1894. Q 7- Apparent illogicality sometimes turns out to be a futuristic projection. Discuss. Ans- It is true, apparent illogicality sometimes turns out to be a futuristic projection. For example, the story of Daedalus and Icarus proved to be futuristic projection of man’s flying in the air. Ls 2-Part-1 Lost Spring-(Anees Jung) Q 1- Who was Saheb? What was his full name? Ans- Saheb is a poor rag picker. His full name was Saheb-A-Alam. It means lord of universe. Q 2- What is Saheb looking for in the garbage? Ans-.Saheb is a poor rag picker. Every morning he comes to probe the garbage heaps in the author's neighborhood. He looks for anything that can get him some coins. Q 3- What had Saheb’s mother told him about their coming to the big city? Ans- She had told that his family has migrated from Dhaka. Now they are living in Seemapuri area of Delhi. Their homes and fields are often swept away by floods. They get no corn to themselves and their children. Q 4- What explanations does the author give for the children not wearing footwear? Ans- The rag pickers were poor children. They always went about barefoot. They had become used to it. Some even said that going barefoot was a tradition among them. Q 5- How did Saheb feel working at a tea-stall? Ans- Saheb starts working at a tea stall. But now he is not free. He is no longer his own master. Summary- Ls 2 part I- Lost Spring - In this story, the writer describes the pitiable condition of poor children, who have to live in slums and work hard in very dirty conditions. They are never sent to school because their parents are too poor to pay for their education. Saheb is a poor rag picker. Every morning he comes to probe the garbage heaps in the author's neighborhood. He looks for anything that can get him some coins. His family has migrated from Dhaka. Now they are living in Seemapuri area of Delhi. The rag pickers were poor children. They always went about barefoot. They had become used to it. Some even said  that going barefoot was a tradition among them. These people have come from Bangladesh. Their homes and fields are often swept away by floods. They get no corn to feed themselves and their children. That is why they don’t want to go back. Saheb starts working at a tea stall. But now he is not free. He is no longer his own master. Ls 2- Part II -Lost Spring – Q 1- Who was Mukesh? What was his aim in life? Ans- Mukesh belongs to a family of bangle -makers in Firozabaad. He did not like the life of a bangle maker. He wanted to be his own master. His dream was to become a motor mechanic. Q 2- What makes the city of Firozabad famous for? Ans- Firozabaad is famous for its bangles. It is the centre of India’s glass-blowing industry. Q 3- What is the condition of of children working in the glass furnace of Firozabad? Or Q 4- Mention the hazards of working in the glass banges industry? Ans- Workers in the glass bangles industry have to work in very high temperatures. They work in dingy cells without air and light. They don't get any daylight. Thus they lose the brightness of their eyes. The powder from the polishing of bangles also blinds them. Q 4- How is Mukesh’s attitude to his situation different from that of his family? Ans- Mukesh did not like the life of a bangle maker. He wanted to become a motor mechanic. Q 5 Would you agree that promises made to the poor children are rarely kept? Ans- Promises made to the poor are rarely kept. It is because these people are not organized. Q 6- What forces conspire to keep the workers in bangle industry? Ans- They include sahukars, middlemen, policemen and politicians. Q 7- How in your opinion can Mukesh realize his dream? Ans- He can realize his dream by working at some garage. Q 8- Why should child labour be eliminated and how? Ans- Child labour is a cruel practice; it should be eliminated by educating the children. SUMMARY-In this story, the writer describes the pitiable condition of poor children, who have to live in slums and work hard in very dirty conditions. They are never sent to school because their parents are too poor to pay for their education. Mukesh belongs to a family of bangle -makers in Firozabaad. He did not like the life of a bangle maker. He wanted to be his own master. His dream was to become a motor mechanic. Firozabaad is famous for its bangles. Workers in the glass bangles industry have to work in very high temperatures. They work in dingy cells without air and light. They don't get any daylight. Thus they lose the brightness of their eyes. The powder from the polishing of bangles also blinds them. There are sahukars, middle-men, police men, bureaucrats and politicians. All these form a vicious circle. Poor bangle makers have been trapped in it for generations. The writer felt happy that Mukesh has decided to break away from this vicious circle. Poem-2. An Elementary School Classroom in a slum: (Stephan Spender) - In this poem, the poet voices his concern for children who live all their life in slums. He sees some children sitting in an elementary school classroom in a slum. These children have pale faces and untidy hair. The walls of the classroom are decorated with the pictures of ‘Shakespeare’ “buildings with domes,” ‘world maps’ and beautiful valleys. These contract with the world of these children as their condition is miserable and worst. They are ill. Some are thin, hungry and weak. Some suffer from inherited disability. Some are full of hope in the future. The poet wants social justice and class equality for the children of the slums. Their lives can be made to change if they are shown green field. The poet says that history belongs only to those nations where children can live freely and enjoy all the blessings under the sun. Q 1 - How does the poet describe the faces of the children? Ans - These children have pale faces and untidy hair like rootless weeds. They look very pale. Q 2- How does the poet describe some of the children in the classroom? Ans - There is a tall girl. She is sitting with her head down. A boy looks as thin as a paper. Her eyes look like a rat's eyes. At the back of the class, there is a sweet little boy. Q 3- What is there on the walls of the classroom? Ans - The walls of the classroom are decorated with the pictures of 'Shakespeare ','buildings with domes ','world maps ' and 'beautiful valleys '. Q 4 - What does the poet say about the 'open-handed map'? Ans - Because this map shows all the seas and lands. But for poor children, their world is limited to what they can see from the Windows. Q 5- What does the poet say about the world of children living in a slum? Ans - For poor children, their world is limited to what they can see from the Windows. It is only a narrow street under a dull sky. Q 6- Why does the poet say 'Shakespeare is wicked '? Ans - He only means to say that a picture of Shakespeare's head is of no use here in slum. Q 7- Why has the map  been said to be a bad example? Ans- The map shows all the seas and the lands of the world. These contrast these children as their condition is miserable and worst. So the poet calls the map a bad example of a world for the children. Q 8- How does the life of children living in slum been described? Ans- They are ill. Some are thin, hungry and weak. Some suffer from inherited disability. Some are full of hope in the future. Q 8- How can the condition of the slum children be improved? Ans- The poet wants social justice and class equality for the children of the slums. Their lives can be made to change if they are shown green field. The poet says that history belongs only to those nations where children can live freely and enjoy all the blessings under the sun. BOOK 2- Ls 2 (Lesson 2) The Tiger King (Kalki) Summary- It is the story of a king, who came to be known as the Tiger King. He was told by the astrologers that his death would come from a tiger. Instead of keeping himself safe and away from tigers, the king chooses to go hunting and kill the tigers in his kingdom. The king vowed that he would attend to all other matters only after killing the hundred tigers. He married a girl from a royal family. He started hunting the tigers in the forests of his father-in-law. But at last it seemed impossible to find hundredth tiger. The king was very angry. The dewan had to arrange for a tiger from some people’s park. It was an old and sickly tiger. There was a great celebration when the tiger was killed. The king has got his son a tiny wooden tiger as a birthday gift. Tine slivers of wood stood all over it. One of these pierced the king’s right hand. In four days, the infection spread all over the arm. But ironically, his death comes soon after from a tiger only. And it comes not from a real tiger, but from a sliver of a toy tiger. Thus the author has satirized the conceit of those in power through the device of irony. Q 1- Who is the Tiger King? Why does he get that name? or Why does the king take a vow to kill one hundred tigers? Ans- The Tiger King is the Maharaja of Pratibandapuram. He was told by the astrologers that his death would come from a tiger. Instead of keeping himself safe and away from tigers, the king chooses to go hunting and kill the tigers in his kingdom. Q 2- What did the royal infant grow up to be? Ans- The royal infant grew up to be a tall and strong man. When he came to the age of twenty-one, he was made the king of his state. Q 3- What will the Maharaja do to find the required number of tigers to kill? Ans- The king wanted to kill one hundred tigers. But there were not enough tigers left in his state. He married a girl from a royal family. He started hunting the tigers in the forests of his father-in-law. Q 4- What will happen to the astrologer? Ans- Nothing will happen to the astrologer. He will not be proved wrong. The Maharaja kills one hundred tigers. But then he will be killed when a quill of a wooden tiger pierces the Maharaja’s hand. Lesson – 3 Deep Water (William Douglas) Q1- When did the writer join the Y.M.C.A pool and why? Ans- The writer was then ten or eleven years old. He had a childhood fear of water. He wanted to get over this fear. So he decided to join the Y.M.C.A. pool. Q2- What is the ‘misadventure’ that William Douglas speaks? Ans- One day the writer was sitting alone on the side of the pool. A grown-up boy once picked him up and threw him into the deep side of the pool. He was filled with terror. Luckily he was saved from drowning and brought out of the pool. Q 3- Why was Douglas determined to get over his fear? Ans- His fear of water spoiled all his joys of fishing, boating and swimming. So he was determined to get over this fear. Q 4- Describe the writer’s childhood experience when he was three or four years old? Ans- When he was three or four years old. His father took him to the sea beach. The writer was clinging to his father. But a strong wave came and knocked the child down. Q 5- Why was the writer at first not much frightened when he was thrown in the pool? Ans- He at once went to the bottom of the pool. He was frightened. On the way down, he made a plan. He would hit the bottom and make a big jump. Q 6- How did the writer feel when he stopped all efforts? Ans- He was relaxed. A blackness swept over his brain. He began to feel sleepy. Then everything blanked out. Q 7/8- What did the writer finally do to get over his fear? Or What special method did the instructor use? Ans- He decided to get an instructor and learn to swim. He went to pool. The instructor put a belt round the writer. A rope was attached to the belt. The instructor held on to the end of the rope. Thus the writer went back and forth across the pool. Q 9- How did Douglas make sure that he had conquered the old terror? Ans-This instructor was an intelligent and experienced person. He made out of the writer a good and confident swimmer. Now he could swim miles across big rivers and lakes. Q 10- What did the author’s mother tell him about the Yakima river ? Ans- The Yakima river flowing through the writer’s state was very dangerous. The writer’s mother told him about the various drowning accidents in it. Summary- In this story, the writer narrates how he overcomes his fear of the deep water. This fear had filled his mind due to some childhood incidents. When he was three or four years old, his father took him to the sea beach. The writer was clinging to his father. But a strong wave came and knocked the child down. When he was older, he decided to learn to swim. He joined the swimming pool of a local club. A grown-up boy once picked him up and threw him into the deep side of the pool. He was filled with terror. Luckily he was saved from drowning and brought out of the pool. It spoiled all his joy of fishing, boating and swimming. Finally the writer decided to get an instructor and learn to swim. This instructor was an intelligent and experienced person. He made out of the writer a good and confident swimmer. Now he could swim miles across big rivers and lakes. During the experiences Douglas had come to the conclusion that there is a terror only in the fear of death. In death, there is peace. Therefore, all one needs to fear is fear itself. POEM-(3) Keeping Quiet: - Q 1- What will be counting up to twelve and keeping still help us to active? Ans- The poet asks us to count to twelve and not to make any movement during this time. He asks us to stop for a second and not to move our arms even and do quiet introspection. It will give the person a strange feeling of togetherness with all other. Q 2- Do you think the poet advocates total inactivity and death? Ans- No, he does not say this at all. The poet asks us to count to twelve and not to make any movement during this time. He asks us to stop for a second and not to move our arms even and do quiet introspection. It will give the person a strange feeling of togetherness with all other. Q 3- What idea does the poet want to convey? Ans- The poet asks us to stop for a second and not to move our arms even and do quiet introspection. It will give the person a strange feeling of togetherness with all other. Thus a man will win a peace not only for himself but also for all the world. Q 4- What does the poet say about the fishermen? Ans- The poet says that quiet introspection will bring about a change in the outlook of fishermen. They would no longer harm whales out of their greed. SUMMARY- In this poem, the poet brings out the importance of quiet introspection. The poet asks us to count to twelve and not to make any movement during this time. He asks us to stop for a second and not to move our arms even and do quiet introspection. It will give the person a strange feeling of togetherness with all other. Thus a man will win a peace not only for himself but also for all the world. There will be no wars and all men will live like brothers. There will be no wars and all men will live like brothers. But he says that he should not be confused with total inactivity. He gives an example when it is winter; everything on the earth seems to be dead. But later in spring, it is proved that the earth is alive, not dead, similarity, after the silence and stillness of quiet introspection, man can start his activities in a better and purposeful manner. Lesson – 3 Journey to the End of the earth- Q 1- How do geological phenomena help us to know about the history of mankind? Ans- A study of geological phenomena can give us can give us the clue as to where we have come from and where we could possibly by heading. This is possible by studying cordilleran folds and granite shields. Q 2- What are the indications for the future of mankind? Ans- Man has made a lot of progress. But this progress has an adverse side also. Global warming is harming the earth. Pollution has increased. The ozone layer is depleting. Q 3- ‘The whole world’s geological history is trapped in Antarctica.’ How is the study of this region useful to us? Ans- The writer says that Antarctica is a place to go to if we want to understand the earth’s present, past and future. Its study is very useful. It helps in understanding the process of evolution and extinction. Q 4- What are Geoff Green reasons for including high school students in the “Students on Ice” expedition? Ans- The program named “Students on Ice” at studying and examining the earth’s past, present and future. It aimed at taking high school students to the end of the world and providing them inspiring educational opportunities. They will understand and respect the planet is in a better way. Q 5 – “Take care of small things and the big things will take care of themselves.” What is the relevance of this statement in the context of Antarctica Environment? Ans- Antarctica has a simple ecosystem. It has been affected by global warming. We see their receding glaciers and collapsing ice-shelves. As a result, there can be floods and many low islands can go under water. In other words, the neglect of small things has resulted in a terrible danger. So we should take care of small things. Q 6- Why is Antarctica the place to go to, to understand the earth’s present, past and future? Ans- same as answer 3 Summary- In this chapter, the writer describes the experience of her visit to Antarctica, which is the coldest, driest and windiest continent in the world. She went there with a group of 52 students. They all went there under the ‘Students on Ice’ programme which aimed at taking high school students to the end of the world and providing them inspiring educational opportunities. From her experience, the writer says that Antarctica is the place to go to if we want to understand the earth’s present, past & future. There we will also come to know how global warming is harming this earth of ours. We see their receding glaciers and collapsing ice- shelves. As a result, there can be floods and many low islands can go underwater. Thus a visit to Antarctica can warn us of the dangers arising from deforestation, excessive burning of fossil fuels and overpopulation. Thus the study of the region can be very useful to us. It can help us to learn from our mistake LS 4- (The Rat Trap-.) (Selma Lager Lof) (Q 1- What did peddler sell and how did he make those things? Q 2- Why was the peddler given to begging and petty thievery? Or Q 3- Did the rattrap peddler earn enough money?) Ans- The peddler used to sell small rat traps. But his business was not profitable. It was difficult for him to keep his body and soul together. So he often indulged in begging and petty thievery. (Q-4 From where did the peddler get the idea of the world being a rat trap? Or Q-5-How did the peddler like his idea of the world being a rat trap? Or Q 6- How does the metaphor of the rat trap serve to highlight?) Ans- The peddler kept thinking of his rattrap. He thought the whole world was also like a big rattrap. Rattraps have baits for rats. The rattraps of the world have also baits in them. They are the material things of the world. As soon as one feels tempted by these baits, the rattrap closes in on him. Then there is no escape.( Q7- Where did the peddler seek the shelter one evening? Or Q 8- How was the peddler received by the old crofter? Or Q 9- Did the peddler expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter? ) Ans- The peddler took shelter with a lonely old man, who lived in a little cottage by the roadside. The old crofter was happy to receive the peddler in his cottage. He played a game of cards with him. The peddler was often welcomed anywhere. But the old crofter showed him unusual kindness. It was something unexpected for the peddler.( Q 9 How did the peddler rob the poor crofter? Or Q 10- Why did the peddler take his way through the forest? Or Q 11- How did the peddler reach the Ramsjo Ironworks? ) Ans- As soon as the crofter left his cottage, the peddler came back. He smashed the window pane and removed the money from the leather pouch. He was afraid that he would be caught, if he went by the highway. So he took his way through the forest. (He had lost all hope of getting out of forest. Then he heard the sound of hammer. He followed the direction of the sound and reached the Ramsjo Ironworks.) Q 12- Why did the iron master speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home? Ans- When the iron master saw the peddler, he thought that he was one of his old friends. He mistook him for a Captain friend of his. It was Christmas EVE and he wanted to be nice to a poor hungry man. So, he invited him to his home. Q 13- Why did the peddler decline the ironmaster’s invitation to come to his home? Ans- The peddler had thirty stolen Kronor in his pocket. He was afraid that by going to the Manor house he would be throwing himself into the lion's den. Q 14- What made the peddler accept Edla Willmanson’s invitation? Ans- The iron Master’s daughter proves an angel in the peddler’s life. She tries her best to make the poor hungry man feel at home. Her manner was very friendly. All this made the peddler accept Edla Willmanson’s invitation Q 15- What doubts did Edla have about the peddler? Ans- From the peddler’s looks and behavior, Edla had her own doubts about him. She thought that perhaps he had stolen something. It was possible that he had escaped from prison. He did not like an educated man. Q 16- When did the ironmaster realize his mistake? Ans- The peddler said that he had shown himself only as a poor traders. He had never pretended to be a former captain. So it was none of His fault that he had been mistaken. Q 17- Why did Edla still certain the peddler even after she knew the truth about him? Ans- Edla was a very noble hearted girl. She was certain that the mistake was none of the peddler’s fault. She has planned to entertain a poor hungry man on Christmas Eve. She did not want to let away this Joy all at once. Q 18- Why was Edla happy to see the gift left by the peddler? Ans-Edla was deeply shaken when she heard at the church that the peddler was a thief. But after reading the letter and receiving her gift, she came to know what a gem the man really was. Summary- The peddler is a poor man. He goes around selling rattraps of wire. His Business is not profitable. But he does not take it to heart. It is difficult for him to keep his body and soul together. He takes to begging and petty thievery. He begins to think that the whole world is a big rattrap. The peddler is disliked and chased away wherever he goes. But the old crofter is happy to receive him in his little cottage. He serves him as best as he can. But the peddler robs the same crofter of his thirty kroner which seems much unexpected. Then the peddler meets the smiths at the Ramsjo Ironworks. Those people pay no attention to him. The Ironmaster’s daughter proves an angel in the Peddler’s life. She tries her best to make the poor hungry man feel at home. Her kindness and sympathy transforms the peddler completely. While leaving, he leaves a small packet for her as a Christmas present. In it, there is a small rattrap, three wrinkled ten- kroner notes and a letter. In it he had written, “You can give back the money to the old man on the roadside. I would have been caught in the world’s rattrap if you people had not treated me so nicely.” Lesson – 4 The Enemy (Pearl. S. Buck)-  It is the story of a Japanese doctor named Sadao. He lives with his wife and two children. One day, Sadao finds a man who has been flung out by the ocean. He has a bullet shot in his back Sadao takes the man into his house. To his surprise, he finds that the man is an American prisoner of war who has escaped. A war was going on between America and Japan thus it was a grave crime to give shelter to an enemy soldier. But then he thinks of his duty as a doctor also. He has been trained not to let a man die if he can help it. So he decides to operate and take the bullet out of the soldier’s body. His wife gives him all help in doing so. Sadao keeps the man in his house for about ten days until he is quite normal. Now he wants to get rid of him somehow. If he hands him over to the police, he is sure to be killed. He helps the man the escape in a boat. Thus he gets rid of an enemy without having him killed. We can say that Dr. Sadao rises above narrow prejudices and acts in a truly humanitarian way. Q 1- Who was Dr. Sadao? Where was his house? Ans- Dr. Sadao was a famous Japanese surgeon and a scientist. His house was on a spot of the Japanese coast. He lives with his wife and two children. Q 2- Will Dr. Sadao be arrested on the charge of harbouring an enemy ? Ans- No, Dr Sadao will not be arrested. He performs his duty as a Doctor to save a person from death. He does not want to give any shelter to the enemy. Q 3- Will hana help the wounded man and wash him herself? Ans- Hana asks her maid servant Yumi to wash the wounded man. But she refuses to do so. At this Hana herself washes the wounded soldier. Q 4- What will Dr. Sadao and his wife do with the man? Ans- Dr. Sadao is a gentleman. He performs the duty of a doctor. He knows the man is wounded and must be helped even if he is an American Soldier. His wife also helps him. They look after him and cure him. When the American soldier is recovered, he helps him in escaping from there. He provides a boat to him. Q 5- There are moments in life when we have ………………..with a sense of National loyalty? Ans- As a doctor, Dr. Sadao has been trained not to let a man die if he can help it. He performs his duty as a Doctor to save a person from death. He does not want to give any shelter to the enemy. But as a loyal citizen of Japan, he must not give shelter to an enemy. He must hand him over to the police at once. Book 1- Ls 5-( INDIGO)- Q 1- Raj Kumar Shukla was …………… Ans- A share cropper. Q 2- Why is Raj Kumar Shukla being described as being ‘resolute’? Ans- Raj Kumar Shukla was a poor farmer of Champaran. He wanted that Gandhi should fight against the injustice. Gandhi ji was busy at that time. But Shukla never left Gandhi ji’s side. He followed him wherever he went. At last Gandhi ji had to find time to go with him. It shows how resolve Shukla was. Q 3- Why do yoy think the servants thought Gandhi ji to be another peasant? Ans- Gandhi ji was very simple in his dress and manner. He never made himself out as a great leader. Q 4- List the places…? Ans- Patna, Rajendra Prasad’s house, Muzzafarpur, Professor Malkani’s home and Champaran. Q 5- What did the Peasants pay …….the prices of natural Indigo? Ans- By an ancient agreement, they had to produce Indigo on 15 Percent of the land and surrender it as rent to the landlords. By about 1917, it was known that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. The British planters now no longer wanted the indigo crop. In order to release the peasants from the 15 percent agreement, they demanded compensation from them. Q 6- The events in the part of the text……. Ideas of Satyagraha and Non-violence? Ans- Gandhi ji always followed the voice of his conscience. He did nothing that he thought was morally wrong. He never paid evil for evil. He always followed the principle of non-violence. His path was the path of satyagrah –non violence protest for truth. Q 7- Why did Gandhiji agree to settlement of 25 percent refund to farmers? Ans- Gandhi ji thought that the amount of refund was less important that the fact that the landlords had agreed to surrender a part of their money. It was a moral victory for the farmers and the loss of prestige for the British landlords. That is why, Gandhi ji agreed to a settlement of 25 percent fund to the farmers. Q 8- How did the episode change the plight of the peasants? Ans- This episode changed the conditions of the peasants of Champaran. Now they realized that they had legal rights. The peasants now gained courage. These estates now came back to the peasants. Now the peasants were their own masters. Q 9- Why do you think Gandhi ji considered …….. turning point in his life? Ans- Through this episode, Gandhi ji declared it to the British that they could not order him about in his own country. He was ordered to leave Champaran but Gandhi ji refused. At last the Government had to relent. Q 10- What was the attitude of the average…… of ‘Home Rule’? Ans- The average Indian in smaller localities was afraid to show sympathy for advocates of home-rule. SUMMARY- This chapter is a description of Gandhi ji’s struggle for the poor peasants of Champaran. By an ancient agreement, they had to produce Indigo on 15 Percent of the land and surrender it as rent to the landlords. By about 1917, it was known that Germany had developed synthetic indigo. The British planters now no longer wanted the indigo crop. In order to release the peasants from the 15 percent agreement, they demanded compensation from them. Some of the illiterate peasants agreed to it, but other refused. They  engage lawyer to go to the court. It was at this point that Gandhi ji appeared in Champaran. He fought for poor peasants a long battle for one year. At last, he got justice for them. Now the peasants gained courage and they knew their rights also. Along with this, political and economic fight, Gandhi ji worked on the social level also. He arranged for the education, health and hygiene of the poor peasants’ families. POEM- 4. A Thing of Beauty(JOHN KEATS): - Q1- List the things of beauty mentioned in the poem? Ans- The beautiful things includes the sun and the moon. There are young and old trees, daffodils, clear rills and musk-roses growing in the forest brake. Then there are lovely tales that we have heard or read. Q 2- List of things that cause suffering and pain? Ans- There is an air of general depression among human beings. Many evil things happen daily. Men pass their days in gloom. Q 3- What does the line, “Therefore are we wreathing a flowery band to bind us to earth.” Means? Ans- It is only because of beautiful things that we can bear to stay on this earth. There is so much pain and suffering in the world that no one would be willing to live here. But the objects of beauty re like a flowery band that keep us bound to the earth. Q 4- What is the ‘grandeur’ associated with the “mighty dead”? Ans- Grandeur is associated with the mighty deads because they give us joy. They live life fully. They die like heroes. Q 5- What does the poet mean by ‘An endless fountain of immortal drink/ Pouring unto us from heaven’s brink’? Ans- The poet says that the earth has numberless things of beauty. They give us joy forever. They are like endless fountain of immortal drink. It is as if the immortal drink is pouring unto us from the heaven’s brink. Q 6- What makes human beings love life in spite of trouble and sufferings? Ans- It is only because of beautiful things that we can stay on that earth. There is so much pain and suffering in the world that no one would be willing to live here. Q 7- How can you say that a thing of beauty is a joy forever? Ans- A thing of beauty is a joy forever because it leaves a permanent impression on our mind. It saves us from boredom. Q 8- What does a thing of beauty do to our spirits? Ans- A thing of beauty removes the dullness from our lives. It makes us forget the sorrow and sufferings of the world and gives us joy forever. Q 9- What protects rills from the hot season? Ans- The bushes protect rills from hot seasons. - SUMMARY-The poet says that a thing of beauty is a joy forever. It never passes into nothingness. It is only because of beautiful things that we can bear to stay on this earth. There is so much pain and suffering in the world that no one would be willing to live here. But the objects of beauty re like a flowery band that keep us bound to the earth. The beautiful thing includes the sun and the moon. There are young and old trees, daffodils, clear rills and musk-roses growing in the forest brake. Then there are lovely tales that we have heard or read. We see a thing of beauty for a few minutes but it leaves a lasting impression on our mind. It stays in our imagination forever and thus becomes an endless source of joy. The poet says that the earth has numberless things of beauty. They give us joy forever. They are like endless fountain of immortal drink. It is as if the immortal drink is pouring unto us from the heaven’s brink. Book 2- Ls-5 Should Wizard hit Mommy- Q 1-Who is Jo? How does she respond to her father’s story- telling? Ans- Jo is a little girl. She is four years old. Her father often tells her stories. Jo has a critical mind. She often asks her father difficult moral questions about his stories. Q-2- What possible plot line could the story continue with? Ans- Jo is not happy with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should hit the stupid mother, but Jack defend the mother's action. Q 3- What do you think was Jo’s problem? Ans- Jo wanted that her father should tell the story again with a different ending. Jo is not happy with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should hit the stupid mother But Jack defends the mother's action. Q 4- What is the moral issue that the story raises the story presents two view- points? Ans- The first is the adult’s view of the world and the second is the children's view. The story raises the moral issue whether the parents should impose their points of view on the children. The parents wants that their children should be obedient. On the other hand, the children have their own questions, which must be satisfied. Q 5- How does Jo want the story to end and why? Ans- Jo wanted that her father should tell the story again with a different ending. Jo is not happy with the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should hit the stupid mother But Jack defends the mother's action. Q 6- What makes jack feel caught in an ugly middle position? Ans- Jack’s daughter Jo does not like the ending of the story told by him. She wants that the wizard should hit the skunk’s mommy. Jack can’t decide what is right. So Jack feels caught in an ugly middle position. Q 7- Why is an adult’s perceptive on life different from that of a child? Ans- A child lives in dreams. He has no practical experience of the world. On the other hand, the adult has seen the world and experienced life. So an adult’s perspective on life is different from that of a child. SUMMARY-This story is about the world-view of a child. This world view is different from the views of a father. The story presents two different viewpoints. The first is the adult’s view of the world and the second is the children's view. The story raises the moral issue whether the parents should impose their points of view on the children. The parents wants that their children should be obedient. On the other hand, the children have their own questions, which must be satisfied. Jo is a little girl. She is four years old. Her father often tells her stories. Jo has a critical mind. She often asks her father difficult moral questions about his stories. One day Jack tells her story of a little animal skunk. He has a problem. His smell is very bad. He goes to a wizard and the wizard makes his smell like roses. Now other animals like to play with him. But the skunk’s mother is angry with him. She takes him to the wizard. She asks him to make skunk’s smell as bad as before. Jo is not happy at the ending of the story. She wants that the wizard should hit the stupid mother, but Jack defends the mother's action. BOOK 1- Ls 6-( Poets and Pancakes)- Q 1- What does the writer mean by ‘the fiery misery’ of those subjected to the make-up? Ans- The make-up department had the look of a hair cutting saloon. There were lights at all angles around. These lights were glowing with heat. So those who were subjected to make-up had to suffer a lot of hardship. The writer calls it ‘ their fiery misery’. Q 2- What is the example of national integration that the author refers to? Ans- In the make-up department, there was a team of workers, who were all from different parts of India, Christian from Madras, an Anglo Burmese and the local Tamils. This is what the writer calls an example of national integration. Q 3- What work did the ‘office boy’ do in the Gemini studio? Why did he join the studio? Why was he disappointed? Ans- The office boy was frustrated because his aim of becoming a director, actor, lyric writer and top screen writer was not fulfilled. Q 4- Why did the author appear to be doing nothing at the studio? Ans- The writer’s duty was to cut out the newspaper clippings on a wide variety of subjects and store them in files. When people saw him tearing newspapers all the day long, they thought that he was doing nothing. Q 5- Why was the office boy frustrated? Who did he show his anger on? Ans- The office boy was frustrated because his aim of becoming a director, actor, lyric writer and top screen writer was not fulfilled. He showed his anger on Subbu. Q 6- Subbu is described as a many sided genius. List four of the special abilities. Ans- Subbu’s four special abilities were as follows- (1) He was very loyal to his boss. (2) He looked cheerful at all times. (3) He was a talented actor. (4) He could write good poetry. Q 8-Why Was the legal advisor referred to as the Opposite by Others? Ans- The legal advisor Was a lawyer. He had been engaged to give advice to the company. But he seldom gives legal advice. He brought a sad end to the career of a heroine. Q 9- What made the lawyer stand out from the others at Gemini studio? Ans- The others wore a kind of uniform. It consisted of a khadi Dhoti and a white Khadi shirt. But the lawyer wore pants and a tie. He looked alone and helpless. Q 10- Did the people at Gemini Studios have any particular political affiliations? Ans- These people had no knowledge of any political thoughts. Most of them worshipped Gandhi But they did not take part in politics. Q 11- Who was ‘The Boss’ of Gemini studios? Ans- Mr. Vasan was ‘The Boss’ of Gemini studio. Q 12- What caused the lack of communication between the Englishman and the people at Gemini studios? Ans- The people at the Gemini studios had no idea of what the English man was speaking about. His way of speaking made it difficult for the simple Tamil people to understand him. Q 13- Why is the Englishman’s visit referred to as an unexplained mystery? Ans- The people at the Gemini studio made simple films for simple Tamil. They had no interest in English poetry. Moreover, the English poet spoke on a subject which no one could understand. That was why his visit has been referred to as an unexplained mystery. Q 14- Who was the English visitor to the studios? Ans- He was Stephen spender, the English poet and essayist. Summary- The Gemini studio, located in Chennai, was set up in 1940. Its founder was S.S.Vasan was known as the Boss. First the writer tells about the make-up room. The make-up department had the look of a hair cutting saloon. There were lights at all angles around. In the make-up department, there was a team of workers, who were all from different parts of India, Christian from Madras, an Anglo Burmese and the local Tamils. The writer’s duty was to cut out the newspaper clippings on a wide variety of subjects and store them in files. The main people, the writer describes are the make-up group, K.Subbu, who was the number 2 in the studio, a lawyer, who was the supposed legal adviser. Last of all the writer describes the visit of an English poet to the Gemini Studio. Nobody knew anything about him. Nobody could understand a word of what the poet said. But some years later, the writer learnt that this poet was Stephen Spender. POEM-5 (A ROADSIDE STAND)- Q 1-What was the plea of the fork who had put up the roadside stand? Ans- Some poor farmers put up roadside stands so that they can earn some money from the rich city people going that way in their cars. Q 2- What is the ‘childish longing’ that the poet refers to? What is it vain? Ans The poor farmer keeps waiting all day for some car to stop at his stand. But hardly any car stops at his stand. With a longing heart, he keeps sitting by the open window and waiting all day. Q 3- The government and other social service …….. their double standards? Ans-The poet thinks of the foxy politicians, who befool the poor by big promises. But never do anything real for them. Q 4- What were the various things put up at the stand for sale? Ans- The stand offered for sale wild berries. They were put in wooden quarts. They had some picture of a beautiful mountain scene. Q 5- What was the roadside stand put up and what for? Ans- It was in the shape of a shed built in front of a little old house. Little things were put up to display such as wild berries and some pictures of beautiful mountain scenes. The poor farmer kept waiting all the day for some car to stop at his stand, but in vain. Q 6-What do ‘the beneficent beasts of prey’ do in the poem? Ans- The poet thinks of the foxy politicians, who befool the poor by big promises. But never do anything real for them. SUMMARY- In this poem, the poet expresses his pain and anger at the pitiable life of poor farmers and other deprived classes. Some poor farmers put up roadside stands so that they can earn some money from the rich city people going that way in their cars. But hardly any car stops there. If even someone looks a side a moment, he feels irritated. It irritates him to see how badly the stand shed has been painted. He feels that the artless paint has spoiled the beauty of the landscape. If even any car stops there, it is not to buy anything. It stops there either to turn back or to ask the way to ask if it can have a gallon of petrol from there. The poet thinks of the foxy politicians who befool the poor with big promises, what never do anything real for them. The poet wants that these poor people should be taken out of their pain and poverty. He says that it would be a great relief to him if it happens so. BOOK 2- Ls 6- (ON THE FACE OF IT)- Q 1- Who is Mr Lamb? How does Derry get into his garden? Ans- Mr Lamb is an old man. He is the owner of a garden. Derry is a young boy. One day he goes to a garden. He enters Mr Lamb’s garden by scaling a wall. Q 2- Do you think all this will change Derry’s attitude toward Mr Lamb? Ans- Yes, Mr. Lamb’s kind behaviour will change his attitude towards Mr Lamb. One side of Derry’s face got burnt by acid, when he was a child. He appears ugly. Some hate him and some thinks that it is terrible. This attitude of people towards him made Derry bitter. But Mr Lamb is a friendly person. He welcomes Derry. He speaks words of love and hope. Derry is impressed. Q 3- What is it that draws Derry towards Mr. Lamb in spite of himself? Ans- One side of Derry’s face got burnt by acid, when he was a child. He appears ugly. Some hate him and some thinks that it is terrible. This attitude of people towards him made Derry bitter. But Mr Lamb is a friendly person. He welcomes Derry. He speaks words of love and hope. Derry is impressed..Q 4-Will Derry get back to his old seclusion or will Mr. Lamb’s brief association effect a change in the kind of life he will lead in the future? Ans- One side of Derry’s face got burnt by acid, when he was a child. He appears ugly. Some hate him and some thinks that it is terrible. This attitude of people towards him made Derry bitter. But Mr Lamb is a friendly person. He welcomes Derry. He speaks words of love and hope. Derry is impressed. Q 5- What realisation comes to Derry about his face at the end of the play? Ans- Derry now feels that it does not matter what he looks like. He has got nothing to do with his face. He does not care about what is not important. The important thing for him is what he feels, sees, finds, hears and thinks. Q 6-What happens to Mr Lamb in the end? Ans- Mr Lamb puts a ladder against the branch of an apple tree. He tries to pluck apples. When he pulls the branch, his ladder falls back. He falls with the ladder and dies. Summary- This is a play about a young boy Derry and an old man Mr Lamb. One side of Derry’s face got burnt by acid, when he was a child. He appears ugly. Some hate him and some thinks that it is terrible. But most people avoid him. This attitude of people towards him made Derry bitter. He thinks that people are afraid of him as if he were a ghost. In turn, he also hates people and avoids them. He wants to spend time in lonely places where people would not stare at him. One day he reaches the garden of Mr Lamb. He goes there thinking that there would be no one, but he is surprised to see Mr Lamb there. Derry wants to run away. But Mr Lamb is a friendly person. He welcomes Derry. He speaks words of love. Derry is impressed. He goes to tell his mother about Mr Lamb. But when he comes back, he finds that Mr Lamb has fallen of a ladder while reaching apples. Derry finds that Mr Lamb is dead. His death makes him very sad. BOOK 1-Ls-7 (The Interview) Q 1-What are some of the positive views on interviews? Ans- Interviews play an important role in our lives. They are a source of truth. They are called a form of art. They are useful medium of communication. Q 2- Why do most celebrity writers despise being interviewed? Ans- They think that it is an unwanted intrusion in their lives. They feel that the interview makes them feel small. V.S. Naipaul believes that during an interview people lose a part of themselves. Q 3-What is the belief in some primitive culture about being photographed? Ans- It is believed that if one takes a photograph of somebody, then one is stealing that person’s soul. Q 4- What do you understand by the expression ‘thumbprints on his windpipe’ Ans- ‘Thumbprints on windpipe’ means giving someone a feeling of suffocation and deep pain. Q 5- Who, in today's world, is our Chief source of information about personalities? Ans- It is the interview who is our chief source of information about personalities. Q 6- How does Eco find the time to write so much? Ans- He says that each man has lots of vacant space in his life. Eco writes in these vacant spaces. Q 7- What is distinctive about Eco’s academic writing style? Ans- His academic writing style is playful and has a personal quality about it. Even his essays have a narrative aspect. Q 8- Did Umberto Eco consider himself a novelist first or an academic scholar? Ans-He considered himself first an academic scholar. He participated in academic conferences. He says that he became a novelist by accident. Q 9- What is the reason for the huge success of novel ‘The Name of The Rose’? Ans- The novel became popular because it gave the reader deep, varied and thought provoking material. It's selling about 10-15 Million copies was not just an accident. Summary- The author says that the interview has acquired an important place in journalism. Many people believe that the interview is a source of truth and is an art. But a number of celebrities hate being interviewed. They think that it is an unwanted intrusion in their lives. They feel that the interview makes them feel small. V.S. Naipaul believes that during an interview people lose a part of themselves. Lewis Carroll had a just horror of the interview and never consented to be interviewed. Rudyard Kipling considered an interview a crime and assault, cowardly act. Yet Kipling had interviewed Mark Twain. H.G. Wells referred to the interviewing ordeal but he was frequently interviewed. Once he himself interviewed Joseph Stalin, the Russian leader. Saul Below, the American writer was frequently interviewed. He once described interview on being lying thumbprint on his windpipe. He described its drawbacks. The interview is a good medium of communication. The interview holds a position of power and influence. BOOK 2-LS 7 (EVANS TRIES AN O-LEVEL)- Q 1-What kind of person was Evans? Ans- Evans was a criminal. He was often caught and sent to Jail but he managed to escape every time with the help of his friends. Q 2- What were the precautions taken for the smooth conduct of the examination? Ans- Every possible precaution was taken for the smooth conduct of the examination. Jackson, a senior prison officer is asked to search Evans’ cell thoroughly. The door of the cell was locked. Q 3- Did the examination go as scheduled? Ans- No, The examination did not go as scheduled. The reason behind it was that first of all, it took time in searching Mcleery and then, in getting Stephens out of the Prisoner’s cell. Q 4- Did the Governor and his staffs finally have a sigh of relief? Ans- Yes, they had a sigh of relief but it was for a short time because after sometime it was found that Evans had escaped from the prison. He was caught in a hotel but from there he again ran away. Q 5- Will the clues left behind on the question paper, put Evans back in prison again? Ans- There are some clues left behind on the question paper. But these clues have been left there knowingly. Their purpose is to put the prison officers on the wrong side. These clues will not be able to put Evans back in prison again. Q 6- How did Evans reach chipping Norton safely? Ans- The clues were a part of the escape plan. They were used to put the police on the wrong track. In reality, they kept searching for Evans in Newbury whereas he had gone to the hotel Golden lion in chipping Norton. Q 7- Where did Evans go? Ans- He reaches the Golden Lion Hotel in Chipping Norton. But he is shocked to see that the Governor is already there. Q 8- What clues did Evans’ answer sheet provide to the Governor? Ans- Evans was asked to write index number 313 and centre number 271 on his answer sheet. The words written on the correction slip means Golden Lion. From this the Governor was able to get that Evans was at the Golden Lion Hotel of Chipping Norton. Q 9- How was Evans arrested? Or How is Evans caught at the Hotel? Ans- The Governor remembered the index number 313 and the centre number 271 that Mcleery had asked Evans to fill in. He thought that these numbers could be the code of some area in the town. And in the map, he found that this these numbers indicated the middle of Chipping Norton. With the help of these two clues he was able to arrest Evans from the Golden Lion Hotel. Summary- This is a very interesting play. Evans is a prisoner. In the past, he has escape from prison three times. Now a strict watch is being kept over him. One day he expresses his desire to appear for O’Level examination in German language. He is given permission to take the examination. The examination is held in the prison cell. A question paper comes from the examination board. A person named Mcleery comes as an invigilator. In fact he is Evans’ friend. Acting on a fake call, Stephens escorts Mcleery to the gate. When he comes back, he finds Mcleery injured. He guesses that who went out was Evans. In fact It was Evans, impersonating as Mcleery. When he is taken out, he escapes. But the Governor gets hints from the question paper and goes to Evans’ Hotel. He arrested Evans, but the Prison officer who takes Evans away in the prison van, is also fake. He is Evans’ friend. Ls 8 (Going Places) Q 1-Why was it most likely that the two girls would find work after school? Ans- They were most likely to find work in a biscuit factory. Q 2- What were the options that Sophie was dreaming of? Why does Jansie discourage her from having such dreams? Ans- She was dreaming to buy a boutique. She also dreamt to be an actress for a fashion designer. She dreams that to begin with, she could at least be a manager with some big company. Q 3-Why did Sophie wriggle when Geoff told her father that she had met Danny Casey? Ans- She feared that her father would be very angry to hear this and would scold her for it. Q 4-Does Geoff believe what Sophie says about her meeting with Danny Casey? Ans- No, he does not believe that Sophie tells him. Q 5-Does her father believe her story? Ans- No, he does not believe her story at all. He turns his head and looks at her in disdain. Q 6- How does Sophie include her brother Geoff in her fantasy of her future? Ans- She makes up a story of how she had met Casey at the window of a shop and tell it to her brother. She also tells him that she had asked him for an autograph, and that how handsome and gentle he looked. Q 7- Which country did Danny Casey play for? Ans- He played for Ireland. Q 8- Why did not Sophie want Jansie to know about her story with Danny? Ans- She feared that if Jansie knew the story, the Whole neighborhood would also come to know of it. She feared that her father would be very angry to hear this and would scold her for it. Q 8- Did Sophie really meet Danny Casey? Ans-No, she never met him personally. Q 9- Which was the only occasion when she got to see Danny Casey in person? Ans-She saw him when she went to see the match in which Danny Casey was playing for the United. Summary- It is a sad story of a young girl named Sophie. She is still at school and belongs to a poor family. She was dreaming to buy a boutique. She also dreamt to be an actress that to being with, she could at least be a manager with some big company. She makes up a story of how she had met Casey at the window of a shop and tells it to her brother. She also tells him that she had asked him for an autograph and that how handsome and gentle he looked. But then Geoff tells his father that she met Danny. Sophie knows that her father considered her a daydreamer. He does not believe her stories. As Imagined by her in her own dreams, she keeps waiting for him at a place away from the town. In her heart of hearts, she knows that he won't come and yet she keeps waiting and waiting. And at last she has to leave with a broken heart. She has also the fear that she would become a butt of radical among the entire neighborhood, who comes to know of her imaginary romance. POEM 6-(AUNT JENNIFER’S TIGERS)- In this poem, the poet brings out a miserable plight of the married women in a common household. They spend all their life in doing household chores from morning till evening, produce children and bring them up with loving care and then at last pass into their graves with no regard from anyone. Aunt Jennifer is a typical house wife. She embroiders some tigers in wool on a screen. Aunt Jennifer's married life has been very unhappy. Her marriage has been an Iron band on her freedom. She is weak in body and spirit. Her hands are trembling. So she finds it difficult to pull the Ivory needle through her wool. The poem is rich in symbols. The tiger are symbols of power and freedom. Secondly, the massive weight of marriage band symbolizes the hardships of married life which she has been faced. She will be no more in this world. But her tigers will go on prancing in the forest, fearlessly. Q 1- How do ‘denizens’ and ‘chivalric’ add to our understanding of the ‘tigers’ attitude? Ans- Tigers are the denizens of a world of green. They love to live in their natural habitat which is the forest. They are brave and warlike. They are not afraid of human beings. Q 2- why do you think Aunt Jennifer's hands are ‘fluttering through her wool’ in the second stanza? Why is she finding the needle so hard to pull? Ans- Aunt Jennifer seems to have grown very old and weak. That is why her hands are fluttering through her wool. She is finding it hard to pull the needle because her week hands are trembling. Q 3- What is suggested by the images ‘massive weight’ of Uncle’s wedding band? Ans- Aunt Jennifer's marriage was just like a heavy band put on her. With her marriage she lost all of her former freedom. She had no liberty or will of her own? Q 4- What are the ‘ordeals’ Aunt Jennifer’s surrounded by? Ans- Aunt Jennifer's ordeals are the ordeals of keeping her husband happy. She can do nothing against the wishes of her husband. She created tigers on the panel because they always provided her strength to tolerate the sufferings in life. Q 5- Interpret the symbols found in this poem? Ans- The two main symbols used in the poem are the tigers and the screen. Tigers represent the creative energy of women. They are full of strength. That is why, they are a symbol of power and freedom. The screen is a symbol of the woman's life on which men prance about? Q 6- Do you sympathize with Aunt Jennifer? What is the attitude of the speaker towards Aunt Jennifer? Ans- Aunt Jennifer wins all over sympathy. She works tirelessly to create her tigers. The tigers prance across the screen fearlessly. The speaker feels great sympathy for Aunt Jennifer. Q 7- Describe the tigers created by Aunt Jennifer. Ans- Aunt Jennifer's tiger are on a panel. They are prancing in a jungle. They are fearless and powerful. They are standing under a tree. BOOK 2-LS 8- MEMORIES OF CHILDHOOD- Q 1-Describe Zitkala-Sa’s experiences on her first day in the ‘land of apples’? or How was Zitkala-Sa’s constantly irritated by the noise around her? Ans- She remembers her first day at school. She was full of fear as well as expectation. She loved peace but there were noises around her. Q 2- Why do you think was Zitkala-Sa so opposed to the cutting of her hair? Ans- The people of her tribe had a tradition of keeping long, heavy hair. Short hair was worn by mourners and shingled hair by cowards. Q 3- How are Zitkala-Sa treated on being traced from her hiding place? Or How was Zitkala-Sa’s long hair shingled? Ans- Zitkala-Sa hid under a bed. She was found out. They dragged her out and fastened to a chair. She started crying but nobody cure for her weeping and her hair was cut down. Q 4- How long would it take Bama to walk home from school and why? Or why did it take Bama thirty minutes to reach home instead of the distance of ten minutes? Ans- Actually it was possible to walk the distance in ten minutes. But usually Bama took thirty minutes because she came watching every little thing on the way. Q 5- What advice did Annan after Bama? Ans- Annan advised Bama to study hard with care and learn all she could. He said that only by studying and making progress, could they throw away these evils. Q 6- What does Bama say about untouchability when she was in the third class? Ans- Bama Says she had already experienced the humility because of a being a Dalit. She had seen it and felt it many a time. Q 7- Bama’s experience is that of a victim of the caste system. What kind of discrimination does Zitkala-Sa’s experience depict? Ans-Zitkala-Sa was a victim of social discrimination. She belonged to a tribe of Native Americans. People treated them like animals. Both Bama and Zitkala-Sa refuse to bow to the injustice. Both of them protest in their own way. SUMMARY- Zitkala-Sa-These two accounts are the childhood memories of two different writers. They belong to different culture.. Though these two women belong to distant lands and different cultures, yet there are many similarities in their life stories. Both of them belong to lower cast of society. Both of them are ignored and ill treated by the people of upper caste who are in majority. Zitkala-Sa is a Native American woman. She is a famous writer. She remembers her first day at school. She was full of fear as well as expectation. The people of her tribe had a tradition of keeping long, heavy hair. Short hair was worn by mourners and shingled hair by cowards. Zitkala-Sa hid under a bed. She was found out. They dragged her out and fastened to a chair. She started crying but nobody cure for her weeping and her hair was cut down. Both Bama and Zitkala-Sa refuse to bow to the injustice. Both of them protest in their own way. Bama- These two accounts are the childhood memories of two different writers. They belong to different culture. Though these two women belong to distant lands and different cultures, yet there are many similarities in their life stories. Both of them belong to lower cast of society. Both of them are ignored and ill treated by the people of upper caste who are in majority. Bama is a Dalit woman from Tamil Nadu. Annan advised Bama to study hard with care and learn all she could. He said that only by studying and making progress, could they throw away these evils. In her childhood, she saw that the people of upper caste ill- treated the Dalit people. Bama says she had already experienced the humility because of a being a Dalit. It was unfair and injustice. She had seen it and felt it many a time. It hurts the mind of Bama deeply. Both Bama and Zitkala-Sa refuse to bow to the injustice. Both of them protest in their own way. (Report – 1). Competition (Painting /Paper Reading /Quiz /Debate) – A....... was organized in our school last Monday. The …. was organized in the school hall. The Health Minister was the chief guest. There were about 50 students, who took part in it. All the participants reached on time. The …. started at 10 am. Participants were placed in three groups according to their age. All the students put in their best to make the ….. a success. In the end of the programme, some refreshment was given to the participants. Then the result was declared by the principal. Prizes were given to the winners by the chief guest. The principal thanked the chief guest. The …. was a great success. Report- 2) ( Any Camp/Workshop/Seminar)- A.........camp was organized in our school last Monday. It was organized in the school on the occasion of Annual Day. Many teachers and students attended this camp. All of them reached on time. The Health Minister was the chief guest. The ……. was inaugurated by the chief guest. A speech was given by Mr Mohan Lal. His speech was very interesting and informative. He impressed upon the students and all the present visitors by his speech. The principal thanked the chief guest. The.......... Camp was very successful. 3) Blood Donation Camp- A Blood Donation Camp was organized in our school last Monday. It was organized in the school on the occasion of Annual Day. Many teachers and students attended this camp. All of them reached on time. The Health Minister was the chief guest. The Blood Donation Camp was inaugurated by the chief guest. A large number of Teachers, students and visitors donated blood with proud hearts. One hundred and seven bottles blood were collected and all this was sent to the Army Hospital. The principal thanked the chief guest. The Blood Donation Camp was very successful. 4 )Charity Show- A Charity Show was organized in our school last Monday. It was organized in the school on the occasion of Annual Day. Many teachers and students attended this show. All of them reached on time. The Health Minister was the chief guest. The Charity Show was inaugurated by the chief guest. Some cultural programmes were done by the students. A good amount of money was sent to the prime minister relief fund to help the poor. The principal thanked the chief guest. The Charity Show was very successful. 5 ) Inauguration of Computer Wing/ Science Block- Last month, the chief minister of our state visited our school. Our school has built a new …….. The chief minister was invited to inaugurate the ….. The building was nicely decorated. All the teachers and students reached on time. Our principal, staff and students were fully prepared to make the function a great success. Many famous persons of the city were also invited. The principal welcomed the chief guest. Then he was taken to the new ….. A speech was given by Mr. Mohan Lal.. His speech was very interesting and informative. He impressed upon the students and all the present visitors by his speech. The principal thanked the chief guest. The function was very successful. 6) Accident - A.......... accident took place at 8:30 am about 20 Km away from Delhi. A maruti car was collided with train. The accident occurred when the car driver in his attempt to save a dog, lost control over the wheel and crushed head on with the train. Three passengers in the car died on the spot and two were badly injured. They have been admitted to the Civil Hospital and are reported to be out of danger. The car was twisted out of shape. 7) Passengers Hard due to Cancellation of Trains- Due to flood caused by heavy rains for the last two days, a number of trains have been cancelled. Since the cancellation has been announced all of a sudden, a large number of passengers have been stranded at the New Delhi Railway Station. In the absence of proper arrangement for food and water, the poor passengers are facing a horrible time. Many of them have not enough money to make their own arrangement. The fate of the women and children is pitiable. The railways are duty bound to look to the need of such stranded passengers and to make proper arrangements for them. PARAGRAPHS- -(1) How I spent my last Sunday/Last Birthday/Happiest Day of my life: - Life is a mixture of joy and sorrows. Happiness comes only on occasions in certain periods of life. My happiest day in life is my Birthday. Last Sunday was my Birthday. I invited all my friends. I decorated my room. The Birthday cake was placed on the table. I cut the cake with the knife. We served the cake pieces. Some other sweets and cold-drinks. After the eating was over, there was singing and dancing. My friend…….. sang a song and two girls/boys danced to its tune. Seema/Kapil entertained us with some popular songs. There was a photographer who caught us is many poses. Then we all went to the picnic near the lake. We enjoyed a lot I can never forget all this. It was an unforgettable day of life. (2.) Prize Distribution function/ Annual Day/ Sports day: - ……….. is an important event in our school, on this day. The annual prize distribution function is also organized. The function organized on last Monday. The building was nicely decorated. Our Principal, Staff and students were fully Prepared to make the Function a success. The Education Minister Haryana was the chief guest. Many famous persons of the city were invited. All the teachers and students reached on time. The function started with Saraswati Vandana principal welcomed the chief guest and read the annual report. Some cultural programs were done by the students. Then there was a march-past. There were also many events, races, jumps and throws. Many students participated in it. The chief guest distributed the prizes. In the end the Principal thanked the chief guest and declared the next day a holiday in the school. (3) IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS/ HARMS OF DEFORESTATIONS/ ENVIRONMENTAL POOLUTION/ GROW MORE TREES: - Environmental pollution is the biggest danger to the world these days. Deforestation means cutting of trees. During the last few years, they have been a reckless cutting of trees all over the world. There have been also increases in industrialization in the world. Big factories have come up in all parts of the world that’s why the pollution is being increased. As there are harmful gases in the smoke. The reason of clearance of forest is the growing population. People cut trees for fuel, wood, timber, pulp, and paper industry. Trees do more good to any other thing in the world. In fact without trees it would be impossible for men to live. They give food for man. They purify air. They help to bring rain. But it is sad that man is destroying this wealth. The youth of the country can play an important role in this direction. They can aware the people about it. In short more and more trees should be planted to protect from pollution. (4) EXAMINATION HALL- INSIDE/OUTSIDE: - Examination hall presents an interesting scene. There is noise and suspense before the tart of the paper. There is anxiety on the faces of the student candidates appear nervous. There is rush outside the examination halls. In the morning when the examination is about to start, students start reaching there. Some students have last minute consultation from the books. After some time, the examination starts and there is peace for some time. Inside: - The supervisor distributes the answer sheets and question paper. There is calmness in the hall. Students start writing on the answer sheets. Some students use unfair means. Try to copy. Outside: - But after sometime, some young boys starts gathering outside. They want to adopt unfair means. The police on duty control such boys. LAST LINES: - At last bell rings and examination ends, students come out. The excitement comes to an end. (5) VALUES OF BOOKS/ READING/ TRAVELING/ TOURS/ FILMS/ LIBRARY/ GAMES/ NEWSPAPER:- Life can not be all work. A person needs some entertainment also. Here are many recreations. We can read books and newspapers. We can watch films. We can play games. They all teach us something. ---------------have an important place in our life. They make us forget all worries of life. They keep us well informed. They increase our general knowledge. They give us confidence. They can entertain us. They also educate us. They provided the joy to our soul and refresh our mind. It makes us learn how to fight injustice. When we are in the company of …We forget about everything. They give us sense of wisdom. They teach us good things in life. They help to make us good citizens. They make us aware of social evils. They teach us to face the failures. For all these reasons……. Has a great value. (6) EVILS – (1.) DOWERY (2.) CASTEISM (3.) DRINKING (4.) STRIKES (19.) BEGGING (5.) DRUGS (6.) SUPERSTITIONS (7.) STUDENT UNREST (8.) STUDENTS AND POLITICS (9.) INDISCIPLINE AMONG STUDENTS (10.) POVERTY (11.) POLLUTION (12.) EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN (13.) CORRUPTION (14.) CHILD LABOUR (15.) LACK OF HARMONY (16.) TERRORISM (17.) UNEMPLOYMENT (18.) FEMATE FOITICIDE (20.) BLACK MARKETING (21.) RICING PRICES. (Essay-21) There are many problems in India eg. Dowry, Drinking, terrorism etc. but……..is the main problem in our country. It is not only a national problem. It has now become an international problem………is a blot on the fair name of our country. This problem is very harmful. We get the bad result of it every day. Infact it is the digging of grave. It has spoilt the atmosphere of the society. No one feels any shame about it. In affects the progress of the country. Now the question arises who is responsible fir this problem. IN my view some facts are responsible for it. Such as population explosion, illiteracy, our poor economic plans and our defected system too. This problem can be checked. First the government should make the rules and laws. It should be followed strictly. People should be educated. Our syllabus should be contained the lessons related to these evils. The youth of the country can play an effective role in this direction. If we follow all the above suggestions, only then we can solve this problem. (7) THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA:- The role of youth or young generation is very important in the progress of India. There are many in India eg. Dowery, Drinking, terrorism etc. I hose are not only a national problem, it has now became an international problem. These affect the progress of the country. India is a land of different religions and communities. There is a great difference in the taste, manners, customs and habits. But it the duty of the young generation that they should believe in unity. They should fight against these problems. They should try to wash of these problems from the society completely. They can play an effective role in the direction. It is the most dynamic force. It should be used for the betterment of the country. They can hold corner meetings and demonstrations. They young generation is the only hope that can make India the great country in the world. (8) VISITS/SCENES OF ZOO, MUSEAM, HILLSTATION, HISTORICAL PLACE, BUS STAND, RAILWAY STATION, EXHIBITION- A visit/ Scene of ……….is a colorful scene. It is always interesting. It is full of knowledge. It is very charming also. It is very enjoyable. We learn much to see it. The great pleasure of visit/scene gives us chance to contact with men who are different from us in dress, manners, customs, language, culture and technology etc. It gives us not only inner peace, but grows our mind. It teaches us something in life. It gives us the sense of wisdom. It keeps us well informed. It provides the joy to our soul and refreshes our mind. It is the food for our soul, mind and eyes. The great poet Keats says,’ A good scene gives good print to our mind.’ Thus scene is like a heaven to man. No doubt it is worth looking. Really the scene/visit of…Gives full experience to man. (9) SCIENCE/COMPUTER/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY- This is an age of science and technology. Man has invented many wonderful machines to make life more comfortable. It has brought about a great revolution in India. At present we are having computer, Mobile Phones, internet any many others machines. Today there is hardly any sphere of human activity which has not been touched by the computers. It is also known as IT. Computers have come to be used on a very large scale and soon. Computers are playing an important role in teaching also. Internet is also very useful facility and a great invention in In. f Tech. By using it we have linked with another person in different countries in few minutes. It has provided many information. In short, the future of science and technology is very bright. Let us hope India will make more progress in this field. (1) Letter about/against any complaint-(Insanitary condition, Loudspeaker, Law and Order, Postman, bus conductor, any TV/Fridge etc/ Repair of road, Electricity, etc- H.No.... City..... Date.... The General Manager /...... City...... R/Sir, I am the resident of _ _ _ _ colony. I wish to draw your kind attention towards the problem of.......... We the residents of...... colony are facing a big problem due to........ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _................. We have complained about it many times, but no steps have been taken. So I request you, please take some hard steps to solve our / this problem as soon as possible. I shall be very thankful to you. Yours sincerely...... Name.......... (2) Cancelling an Order-The Manager …..Company ….City Sir, I placed an order for ten fans with your company. The order was placed last month. You promised to deliver the goods within a week. But you could not fulfill your promise. I cannot wait for such a long time. I therefore cancel my order. (3) Ordering Books- The Manager ….. Book Depot …..City Sir, Please send me the latest addition of the following books for class 10th. (1) History and Civics- 2 copies (2) Geography -1 copy (3) Hindi - 2 copies (4) English -2 copies. The books should be sent by VPP at the above address. (4) Wrong Supply of Books/Goods- The Manager ……….Company …..City Sir, On 5 th March, I ordered four copies of the History books. I have paid all the amount of price in advance. But today I received the parcel. I opened it and found the Hindi books. I did not place the order for this. Kindly replace the books as soon as possible. (PERSONAL LETTERS)(5)To Father about Home News- My dear father, Many things have happened here. Reena fell down the stairs and broke her legs. She was moved to the hospital. Now she is fine. Mohan’s result was out yesterday. He got 700 marks. He is very happy. Uncle and Aunt visited here last week. We all missed you badly. Please come back home soon. Yours Lovingly (6)Congratulation on Success in Exam- My dear Mohan, The result of the 10th class was declared today. I looked up your roll number. You are getting 95% marks. I am very happy. Please accept my congratulations on your success. Really you worked very hard. All of us are very happy. Your parents must be very happy at your success. Your loving friend (7) Advice to Take Part in Games- Dear Anup, I received a letter from Manu. I am sorry to learn that your health is not good. You often fall ill. No doubt, you are doing well in your studies. You must know that games are as useful as studies. They made as active and smart. They keep us healthy. They teach us many good things. So you must take part in games. Yours Lovingly (8) congratulation on recovery from illness- Dear friend, I am very happy to learn that you have recovered from your illness. I congratulate you on your recovery. I was so unhappy about your week health. But the happiness of your recovery has given me great joy. Please take rest for some days more. I shall come to see you soon. Yours loving friend (9) Letter of condolence- H. No…. City…. Date…. My dear Ram, I was shocked to learn about the death of your mother. I met her last week. She was very noble lady. She was kind to all. She was a lovable mother. Dear Ram, your loss is great, but it is God's will. We must bow before him. May God grant peace to her soul! Yours lovingly (10)Invitation to Sister's Marriage- My dear Ram, You will be happy to know that the marriage of my elder sister will take place on the 23rd of this month. His in-laws are very respectable family. As the day of marriage is coming near, we are becoming more and busier. Don't wait for the formal letter of invitation. You should reach here as soon as possible. (11)Thanking for Gift- My Dear Uncle, Thank you for the lovely gift you have sent me on my birthday. The watch sent by you is really very beautiful. I was badly in need of a watch. I was often late for school. I had to pay some fine every month. This watch is very useful for me. I shall keep it with great care. I once again thank you for this nice present. Yours lovingly (APPLICATIONS) (12 )Full Fee Concession- The Principal …..School ….City Sir, I am a student of 12th of your school. My father is a peon. His salary is very small. He cannot pay my school fee. I am good at studies. Last year I topped the class. I am the captain of my school football team. Kindly grant me full fee concession. Thanking you Yours obediently (13 ) For Remission of Fine- The Principal ……School ….city Sir, I am a student of 12th class. Our English teacher gave us a test on Monday. I was ll. So I could not take the test. The teacher has fined me 20 rupees. I am good at studies. I never avoid taking test. You are requested to kindly remit the fine. I shall always be thankful to you. (14 ) Change of Section- With due respect I want to state that I am a student of 12th class. All the other students of my Colony study in section B. So we cannot do our homework together. I request you to kindly change my section from C to B. Thanking you Yours Obediently (15)School Leaving Certificate- With due respect I want to state that I am a student of 12th class. My father is a government officer. He has been transferred to Panipat. I cannot stay here alone. So you are requested to issue me my school leaving certificate. I have cleared all the dues. (16 )Sick Leave- I beg to say that I am a student of 12th class. I am ill. So I cannot come to school. Kindly grant me leave for one day as on …… I shall be very thankful to you. Yours obediently (17)Marriage Leave- I beg to say that my elder brother's marriage takes place next week. I have much work to do. So I cannot come to school. Kindly grant me leave for 5 days. I shall be very thankful to you. Yours obediently (18) ROAD SAFTEY - With due respect I want to draw your kind attention towards increasing number of road accidents in India. Many young and innocent persons lose their lives every day. These road accidents occur due to lack of civic sense in the people and their ignorance of road and traffic signals. The truck drivers are mostly dead drunk. People don’t like to wear halmets. They don’t follow the rules of road safety. It is high time that authorities should take the hard steps about it. Licenses should be checked strictly. (19) Urgent Piece of Work- I beg to say that I am a student of 12th class. I have an urgent piece of work at home. So I cannot come to school. Kindly grant me leave for one day as on …… I shall be very thankful to you. Yours obediently Tenses (1) Present Indefinite: - (Subject + v + obj.) singular-v1+s/es or does, plural-v1 or do ,Words: - usually, everyday, universal truth, habbit, often, seldom, always, commentary, daily. (2) Present Continuous:- (Sub + is/am/are + v +ing+ obj) Words: - next week, tonight, now-a-days, at this moment, now, at present, these days. (3) Present perfect: - (Sub + has/have + v 3+ obj) Words: - just, never, ever, so-far. Till now, lately, recently, already, yet, before. (4) P. Perfect Continuous:- (sub + has/have been + v ing + since/for + time) Words: - Since/for + time (5) Past Indefinite:- (Sub + v2 + obj or did + v) Words: - Last, yesterday, ago, before. (6) V + ing II form/v2 While v + ing That v + ing (7) Had v 3 before -> v2 V 2 after -> had v3 (8) Will/shall/modals + v1 (9) As v 1+ ing (10)(1) if + had v3 +would have v3 (ii) if + v 2 + would v1 (iii) if + v 1 + shall/will + v1 Notice- This is to inform to all the students that......... Programme is going to be organised on...... Date at...... time in the school. Mr. M.L. Singh will be the chief guest. All the participants will be given the certificates. Interested students can give their names to the in-charge with-in a week. Lost- I have lost my..... somewhere in the........It is very important for me. It contains some important documents. I am facing very difficulty without it. The finder is requested to return it to me on the given address. A good cash is rewarded to the finder. Sale- A flat for sale, spacious, close to school, near the main market, having parking space, 24 hours water and power supply, with all facilities. Interested parties can contact to the undersigned. Phone number 1234567890. Rent or To-Let- Wanted a flat. It should be spacious, close to school, near the main market, having parking space, 24 hours water and power supply, with all facilities. Interested parties can contact to the undersigned. Phone number 1234567890. Situation Vacant- Wanted a....... for the company/School. The candidate should be graduate, should have good knowledge of his/her work. He/She should be honest and polite. The Salary is about 20000/- per month. Apply with complete bio-data with-in seven days. Matrimonial- Wanted a suitable match for a smart, convent educated and cultured girl/boy settled in Delhi, height 175 cm, 25 years, small educated family. Boy/Girl should be in good service. Early decent marriage. Write to box no....... The Times of India. Advertisements- Launching New …….( Name of Product) Try The New A Quality Product Eco Friendly Buy One And Feel Proud Sure You Like This Contact Your Dealer Today ( Make the picture of product if possible) MODALS- (13 Modals)- 1. Can- I can run fast. You can go now. 2- Could- I could run fast, when I was young. Could / (Would) you please take tea? 3. May- It may rain today. May I come in? May God bless you ! 4. Might- It might rain. He said that he might come. 5. Must- You must not smoke. 6. Should- You should work hard. Work hard lest you should fail. 7. Ought to- You ought to respect your elders. 8. Would- Would/ (Could) you please take tea? 9./10. Will/ Shall- 11. Used to- Gandhi ji used to go for a walk daily. 12. Dare- How dare you abuse me? 13. Need- You need not go to the Hospital.