The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle PDF

Dec. 11th, 2024 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Wei-Chun HuangFu [email protected]...

Dec. 11th, 2024 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Wei-Chun HuangFu [email protected] 1  The Cell Cycle The process by which a cell duplicates its contents and then divides into two. This cycle of duplication and division, known as the cell cycle. 2 Animal cell division 3 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Consists of Four Phases 4 The major events of the cell cycle 5 6 The cell cycle control system The cell cycle is a finely tuned process that responds to the specific needs of any specific tissue or cell. Normally, in an adult tissue, we observe a delicate balance between programmed cell death (apoptosis) and proliferation (cell division) which is responsible for the dynamic steady state. Disruption of this equilibrium by loss of cell cycle control may lead to hyperplasia and eventually to tumor development. 7 8 The stages of mitosis 9  Mitosis Cycle Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis 10 11 Mitosis 12  Prophase 1st step in Mitosis Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the poles. 13 14  Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers. 15  Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. 16  Telophase 4th step in Mitosis The segregated chromosomes are packed into separate nuclei. Two new nuclei form Mitosis ends. 17  Cytokinesis Occurs after mitosis Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes. 18  19 Figure 17-51a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The events of eukaryotic cell division 20 Figure 17-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Consists of Four Phases 21  Cell cycle control can be dissected by analysis of yeast mutants 22 Figure 17-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The behavior of a temperature- sensitive Cdc mutant Cdc genes: Cell-division-cycle genes 23 Figure 17-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The morphology of budding yeast cells arrested by a Cdc15 mutation 24 Figure 17-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Wild-type cell division cycle (CDC) genes can be isolated from an S. cerevisiae genomic library by functional complementation of cdc mutants. 25  Studying cell-cycle control in cultured mammalian cells and beyond BrdU incorporation Figure 17-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) 26 The cell cycle control system 27  28 Figure 17-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  Cyclin-Cdk complexes of the cell-cycle control system Figure 17-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) 29  30 Table 17-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  How does Cdk activation occur? 31 Figure 17-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) CDK2 activation 32  The regulation of Cdk activity by inhibitory phosphorylation 33 Figure 17-18 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The inhibition of a cyclin-Cdk complex by a CKI CKIs: Cdk inhibitor proteins 34 Figure 17-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Proteolytic control of cell cycle: ubiquitin-proteasome pathway Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 May;6(5):369-81. 35  Proteolytic control of cell cycle APC/C: anaphase-promoting complex, or cyclosome 36 Figure 17-20a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  Proteolytic control of cell cycle SCF: Skp, Cullin, F-box 37 Figure 17-20b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  38 Table 17-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Control of the G1–S phase transition 39  Control of chromosome duplication 40 Figure 17-22 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The initiation of sister-chromatid separation by the APC/C 41 Figure 17-44 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  The cell-cycle control system 42 Figure 17-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  Meiosis v.s. Mitosis 43 Figure 17-47 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Mitosis v.s. Meiosis 44  45 Figure 17-47 (part 1 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  46 Figure 17-47 (part 2 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  A crossover between homologs (only in meiosis) 47 Figure 17-48 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  For an animal cell to proliferate, it must receive stimulatory extracellular signals→ Mitogens, from other cells, usually its neighbors (i.e. PDGF from a platelet) 48 Figure 17-61 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Effects of growth factors on cells Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): a mitogen, able to induce cell proliferation 49  Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities 50 Figure 17-62 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 17-62 (part 1 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) 51  52 Figure 17-62 (part 2 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  53 Figure 17-62 (part 3 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)  DNA damage arrests the cell cycle in G1 54 Figure 17-63 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 17-63 (part 1 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) 55  56 Figure 17-63 (part 2 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Cell cycle progression and major regulatory proteins Nature reviews Cancer, volume 17, February 2017 p.93-115 57  Cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis induced by excessive stimulation of mitogenic pathways 58 Figure 17-64 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) p53 and DNA complex 59 p53 pathway Nature Reviews Cancer 9, 749-758 (2009) 60 61  Studying cell-cycle control in cultured mammalian cells and beyond BrdU incorporation Figure 17-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) 62  Control 0.06 mM Etoposide 0.12 mM Etoposide 63 64  65 Cancer Res; 78(2) January 15, 2018  Thanks for your attention! Contact information: Wei-Chun HuangFu [email protected] 66