1.2 Problem Statement.pdf

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Syaripah Ramlah binti Tuan Azam ILKKM KUCHING  1 LEARNING OUTCOME Identify research problem pertaining to area of s...

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Syaripah Ramlah binti Tuan Azam ILKKM KUCHING  1 LEARNING OUTCOME Identify research problem pertaining to area of study. 1 PROBLEM PRIORITISE Write the problem statement. 2 Formulate research objectives, questions and hypothesis pertaining 3 to problem statement.  2 WHAT IS RESEARCH PROBLEM? However Any question that you want not all questions can be PROBLEM PRIORITISE answered and any transformed into research assumption or assertion that problems. you want to challenge or the process of formulating investigate. them in a meaningful way is not at all an easy task. it requires considerable knowledge of both the subject area and research methodology.  3 WHAT IS RESEARCH PROBLEM? Arise from A research problem is a Evolution of theories. PROBLEM PRIORITISE perceived gap between Peers and supervisors what is and what should be. etc. Published research (literature review). Day-to-day experience Research problem is like an identification of destination before undertaking research journey ‹#›  6 WHAT IS RESEARCH PROBLEM? is a situation that needs a solution and for which there are possible solutions. If a situation has no possible solutions then it makes little or no sense expending resources researching it. PROBLEM PRIORITISE  7 AS NOTED BY FISHER ET AL. (1993), A PROBLEM WILL QUALIFY AS A POTENTIAL RESEARCH PROBLEM WHEN THE FOLLOWING THREE CONDITIONS EXIST: There should be a perceived discrepancy between “what it is” and “what it PROBLEM PRIORITISE 1 should have been.” This implies that there should be a difference between “what exists” and the “ideal or planned situation” A question about “why” the discrepancy exists. This implies that the 2 reason(s) for this discrepancy is unclear to the researcher (so that it makes sense to develop a research question) There should be at least two possible answers or solutions to the 3 questions or problems.  8 IDENTIFYING RESEARCH PROBLEM Differentiate between research vs. non-research problems Non-research problems are answered by these questions: PROBLEM PRIORITISE Can it be solved by administrative changes? Are there already 1 solutions available that can be used? Is the problem due to lack of manpower and resources? 2 Is there data showing that it is not a significant issue? 3  9 ASPECT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM They provide you with the required Individuals, organizations, Study population People information or you collect groups, communities information from or about them Issues, situations, associations, Problem needs, population composition, profiles etc. Contents, structure, outcomes, Programme attributes, satisfaction, Information that you need to Subject area consumers, providers etc collect to find answers to your service research questions Cause and effect, relationships, Phenomenon the study of a phenomenon itself etc Prioritizing 10 Research Relevance problem How important? Size, severity, health & social consequences? Duplication Is the answer already available from other studies? Feasibility Feasible to carry out remedial actions? Are the manpower, time and resources available? Applicability Potential solution is effective under ideal conditions? Will managers accept and use it? Prioritizing 11 Research problem Cost effectiveness Are the resources invested worth the outcome? Will the solution be too expensive to implement? Timeliness Will the answer come quick enough? Ethics Will the project be acceptable to the respondents? Political acceptability Will the managers and community accept the results?  12 PROBLEM STATEMENT Once we have chosen a research problem few more related steps are required to be followed before a decision is taken to undertake a research study. These includ among others, the following: a.Statement of the problem. b.Justifying the problem. c.Analyzing the problem.  13 Ideal situation Reality KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROBLEM STATEMENT Consequences Proposal  14 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE What is an ‘objective’? A clear and specific goals you set out to attain in your study. Two types of objectives; Main objectives Specific objectives / sub-objectives RESEARCH OBJECTIVE  15 OBJECTIVES MAIN OBJECTIVES SUB-OBJECTIVES Overall statement of the The specific aspects of the thrust of your study. topic that you want to It is also a statement of investigate within the the main associations and main framework of your relationships that you study seek to discover or One sub-objective establish contains one aspect only RESEARCH OBJECTIVE  16 MAIN OBJECTIVE EXAMPLE GENERAL OBJECTIVE if the title of study is To study the level of “knowledge and pratice of safe knowledge and pratice of safe motherhood specifically on diet and motherhood specifically on antenatal care among mothers in diet and antenatal care Klinik Kesihatan Ibu dan Anak Kota among mothers in Klinik Padawan, Kuching, 2020” Kesihatan Ibu dan Anak Kota Padawan RESEARCH OBJECTIVE  17 SUB OBJECTIVE SPESIFIC OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE To determine the socio- To identify the level of knowledge of safe demographic charateristics of motherhood on antenatal care visit among respondents mothers during antenatal period To assess the level of knowledge of To find out safe motherhood on the practices safe motherhood on diet among of diet among respondents mothers during antenatal period To investigate safe motherhood on the practices of care visit among respondents RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Research is a specific inquiry Questions which the research seeks to provide a response (answer) to. resides at the core of systematic investigation and it helps you to clearly define a path for the research process. can be grouped into three main types: 1. ‘what questions,’ 2. ‘why questions,’ and 3. ‘how questions,’  Example What is the level of knowledge and practice of safe motherhood specifically on diet and antenatal care among mothers in Klinik Kesihatan Ibu dan Anak Kota Padawan. Why has this habit developed? How can we bring about changes in this habit? Research Questions ‹#› ‹#›  20 WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS? A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relationship between two or more variable. A proposition, condition, or principle which is assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to draw out its logical consequences, and by this method to test its accord with facts which are known or may be determined. A proposition that is stated in a testable form and that predicts a particular relationship between two (or more) variables Characteristics of a hypothesis; It is a tentative proposition Its validity is unknown In most cases, it specifies a relationship between two or more variables. HYPOTHESIS  21 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS? Research Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis The basis of our investigation Explicitly specify the relationship Four types; that will be considered as true in Hypothesis of difference case the research hypothesis Hypothesis of point proves to be wrong prevalence Opposite of research hypothesis Hypothesis of association Null hypothesis (H0) or hypothesis Hypothesis of no difference of no difference (null hypothesis) HYPOTHESIS  22 ERRORS IN TESTING A HYPOTHESIS Incorrect conclusion about the validity of a hypothesis may be drawn if The study design selected is faulty The sampling procedure adopted is faulty The method of data collection is inaccurate The analysis is wrong The statistical procedures applied are inappropriate The conclusion drawn are incorrect HYPOTHESIS  23 ERRORS IN TESTING A HYPOTHESIS Rejection of a null hypothesis when it is true -Type I error Acceptance of a null hypothesis when it is false -Type II error HYPOTHESIS THANK YOU