1.2 Introduction (1).pptx

Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers: POL 336 1: Introduction: conceptual framework Prof Ornanong Husna Benbourenane The Rising Powers The usage of the term emerging powers is a recognition of the rising influence of several nations that have recently increased their presence in global affairs....

Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers: POL 336 1: Introduction: conceptual framework Prof Ornanong Husna Benbourenane The Rising Powers The usage of the term emerging powers is a recognition of the rising influence of several nations that have recently increased their presence in global affairs. Definition The international order/ system faces multiple challenges from: • the economic and diplomatic rise of new powers, who are challenging the terms of current arrangements; • a dimming of the vibrancy of the trans-Atlantic alliance; • global challenges that create collective action hurdles that neither U.S. diplomacy nor multilateral institutions has yet mastered. • What is foreign policy? Foreign policy analysis • A strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieves its goals in its relations with external entities. This include decision to do nothing. • Foreign policy behavior: The observation of artifacts of foreign policy-specifically actions and words used to influence others in the realm of foreign policy. • Foreign policy analysis: The subfield of international relations to explain foreign policy or foreign policy behavior, with reference to the theoretical ground of human decision-makers, acting singly or in groups. The Level of Analysis Kenneth Waltz’s explanatory of causal relations of international relations at different level of analysis : Individual level, State level, and International system Kenneth Waltz*, in his classic work Man, the State and War, created ‘three images’ which became a typology for various explanations of the causes of war with respect to units of analysis; they are man, the state, and the international system. Each unit of analysis that Waltz presents reflect the key independent variable used in theorizing specific causal relationships. • The first image: human nature or individual behavior is the cause of war among states. • The second image: the improper internal constitution of a state is the cause. • The third image: the anarchy of the international system is the cause of war among states. Explanatory variables, therefore, can be located at the level of ‘international system,’ ‘states,’ or ‘individuals,’ or viewed as a combination of all three. Note: There is various level of analysis frameworks proposed by other scholars such as J. David Singer and Arnold Wolfers that apply to foreign policy analysis. The three approach es to the analysis IR Realism Liberalism Critical theories • Dependency theory • World System theory • Constructivism REALISM Niccolò Machiavelli 's work The Prince of 1532 was a major stimulus to realist thinking Realism • Realism is a set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and military power/ security in world politics. • Realism is a broad tradition of thought that comprises a variety of different strands, the most distinctive of which are classical realism and neorealism. Four core presumptions about how the world works. Realism: Presumptio ns • • • • Groupism Egoism/ self Power-centrism Anarchy Realism: core presumptio ns • (1) groupism, or the idea that human existence is tied to groups of various size and quality; • (2) egoism of individuals and groups, grounded in the so-called human nature, as the primary motivation of all actors; selfish • (3) anarchy, or the absence of government on the international (and traditionally also domestic) level; and • (4) power politics as the dominant ordering principle, arising from inequalities of social influence and material resources. Realists accept four core assumptions in IR: • The central units in international relations are unitary actors, states • States seek power • The relations between states take place under anarchy. • The sphere of domestic politics differs in principle from the sphere of international relations Realism-IR If human affairs is characterized by groupism, egoism and power-centrism, then politics is likely to be conflictual if there is no authority that can enforce agreement exists (anarchy)-any state can resort to forces to get what it wants. Anarchy refers to the absence of world government. The anarchical international system is a system of “self-help” (Waltz, 1979) Realist approach to FP • An orientation towards the most powerful groups at any given time; • A skepticism towards professed aims of FP other than the state interest; • A tendency to question the ability of any state’s FP to transcend power politics; • A taste for looking beyond rhetoric to the power realities that realists expect nearly always underlie policy. Theoretic al concepts within realism • Balance of power : an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another. • The basic idea was that states defined their goals by the power of others. In essence, countries try to build their power to match the power of the strongest state, regardless of whether or not that state is acting aggressively. • By maintaining this balance of power in which no single country is drastically more powerful than all the others, everyone assures mutual security. • Balance of threat: suggests that States form Alliances to prevent stronger powers from dominating them and to protect themselves from states or coalitions whose superior resources pose a threat to national independence. Geographic proximity, offensive power, and aggressive intentions affect the threat level. • Stephen Walt 1987 book ''The Origins of Alliances'', the theory outlines the reasons that nations form alliances against a perceived threat. Theoretic al concepts within realism • Hegemonic stability theory • International order and stability can be achieved only if there is a hegemonic power in the system • Hegemons act as providers of public goods • They also serve to help overcome collective action problems in the international system • Hegemons need not act benevolently; they may even act self-interestedly. • Power transition theory • Focuses on the hierarchical international structure, in which states’ places are based on power capabilities, prestige, and general sphere of influence (Organski 1958). • A rising challenger state must expect victory before contesting the preponderant state. Look for where the power is A simple realist checklist for FPA What the group interest are The role that power relationships play in reconciling or clashing interests. FP operates under the ‘structure’ of anarchy. Scholars: realism and neo-realism – Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz (structural realism) • 02-8/23 LIBERALISM LIBERALISM Assumptions: Human nature – Altruistic, rational actor Most important actors – States and others; including individuals, IOs, NGOs/ civil society Nature of International System – Community under anarchy Explaining how peace and cooperation are possible under anarchy • Reciprocity principle: states could develop the organizations and rules to facilitate cooperation (social contract) • Peace depends on the internal character of governments (democracy will be more peaceful than autocracy) • Trade promotes peace (and globalization makes war obsoletes) • 1795 ‘Perpetual peace’ –two regularities in world politics: the tendencies of liberal states to be peace-prone in their relations with each other and unusually war-prone in their relations with nonliberal states. Emmanuel Kant’s Perpetual Peace: Three necessary and sufficient conditions for stable peace are republican representation, liberal respect, and transnational interdependence. Kant’s Three conditions for stable peace • Representative republican government (election) • A commitment to peace based upon principled respect for the non-discriminatory rights that all human beings can rightfully claim. • The possibility of social and economic interdependence ---<Liberal zone of peace among fellow liberal and liberal aggressive imprudence towards nonliberals. --< Liberal FP of preservation, expansion, inspiration, and intervention. • Commercial liberalism – theories linking free trade and peace The three aspects of liberalism • Republican liberalism – theories linking democracy with peace • Sociological liberalism – linking transnational interactions with international integration/ peace (from theories of the international regime) Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game: repeated games in IR – collaboration – mutual gain ; Concept s Collective security: a formation of a broad alliance of most actors in the international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor. International regimes: to overcome collective goods problem – global warming, environment, health, nuclear proliferation Democratic peace – the lasting peace will come depending on state becoming republics, with legislatures to check the power of the monarch to make war. Critical Perspect ives Dependency Theory World System Theory Constructivism • A variant of the neo-Marxist perspective. An approach to understand economic underdevelopment that emphasizes the constraints imposed by the global political and economic order. • First proposed in the late 1950s by the Argentine economist and statesman Raúl Prebisch, dependency theory gained prominence in the 1960s and '70s. (Latin America, Asia, Africa – UNCTAD) • The relationship between the Northern ‘core’ and the Southern ‘periphery’ connotes the subordination of the latter to and exploitation by the former. Dependen cy Theory • The poor countries do not lack capital and lag behind the rich because they lie outside or on the edge of capitalist world but rather because they have been integrated into the international class structure of international capitalist system. • Different levels in the transition from tradition to modernity cannot explain differences in levels of economic growth achievement. Nations and regions can be analyzed only by reference to their locus in the world political-economic system. • Semi-periphery-NICs: producing manufacturing goods themselves/ import substitution/ large balance of payment: this development is not ‘autonomous’ but is dictated by the global requirements of the world capitalist system. • A ‘comprador’ national urban bourgeois class allied itself with foreign capitalists to exploit their lesser fortunate fellow nationals particularly in rural areas and in the slums of modernizing cities (J Samuel and Arturo Valenzuela). World System Theory • World-system theory is a macro-sociological perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system”. Its first major articulation, and classic example of this approach, is associated with Immanuel Wallerstein, (The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis, 1974). • Roots - the Annales school (historical approach), Marx (dialectical sense of motioncontradiction/conflict) and Dependency theory (neo-Marxist explanation of development process) • http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Worl dSystem.pdf World System Theory • Nation-states are variables, elements within the system. States are used by class forces to pursue their interest, in the case of core countries. • Imperialism refers to the domination of weak peripheral regions by strong core states. • Hegemony refers to the existence of one core state temporarily outstripping the rest. Hegemonic powers maintain a stable balance of power and enforce free trade as long as it is to their advantage. However, hegemony is temporary due to class struggles and the diffusion of technical advantages. • Finally, there is a global class struggle. The current world economy is characterized by regular cyclical rhythms, which provide the basis of the periodization of modern history (Goldfrank, 2000). • After our current stage, Wallerstein envisions the emergence of a socialist world government, which is the only alternative world system that could maintain a high level of productivity and change the distribution by integrating the levels of political and economic decisionmaking. • Constructivism is an approach rather than a theory. CONSTRUCTIVI SM • One of the central features of constructivism hold that people act towards objects (including other people) on the basis of the meanings that the object (or person) has for them. • Constructivists ask how old practices of rivalry and war-making can be changed through institutionalization, which might over time change identities, interests, and practices. The keys propositio ns and concepts • A belief in the social construction and the importance of social facts: • ‘reality’ is in fact a project under constant construction. (Alexander Wendt-1992 ‘Anarchy is what states make of it’) • A focus on ideational as well as material structures and the importance of norms and rules • A focus on the role of identity in shaping political action and the importance of ‘logics of action’ (identity/interest/logic of action) • Ex. Turkey’s ‘Turkic World’ – FP that extends to revive its involvement in Eurasia. EU: France-UK, Germany .