114B Study Guide PDF

LESSON 2 Overview of Gerontological Nursing Providing nursing care to older persons is a rewarding and life-affirming vocation. Topics include an overview of aging, the most common healthcare needs of older adults, and the role of nurses in facilitating healthy aging and wellness. --- History of...

LESSON 2 Overview of Gerontological Nursing Providing nursing care to older persons is a rewarding and life-affirming vocation. Topics include an overview of aging, the most common healthcare needs of older adults, and the role of nurses in facilitating healthy aging and wellness. --- History of Nursing and Aging From Florence Nightingale’s experiences during the Crimean War to modern times, nursing knowledge and skills have evolved in response to the population it serves. This lesson explores Gerontological Nursing and the dynamics of the aging process. --- The Lived Experience (Case Studies) John (the father): 85 years old, feels independent and resents assistance from others. Madge (the daughter): Struggles emotionally as she sees her father become weaker. Student Nurse (age 24): Views geriatric nursing as challenging but recognizes its unique opportunities. --- Aging as a Developmental Process Aging is a lifelong process, entailing maturation and change on physical, psychological, and social levels. While some look forward to old age, others fear it. Cultural norms shape these differing perspectives. --- Demography of Aging and Health Care Today’s young-old (65-74) are healthier and better prepared for aging than past generations. Living wills, retirement planning, and proactive healthcare decisions have become more common, offering more independence for elderly people. --- Global Aging Trends In 2010, 524 million people were aged 65 or older, accounting for 8% of the world's population. By 2050, this figure is projected to rise to 1.5 billion (16% of the population). Aging populations are growing fastest in less-developed countries, driven by declining fertility rates and increased longevity. --- Implications for Health and Nursing Care Chronic diseases are prevalent among older adults, with 68% having at least two chronic conditions. A growing demand for home-based care as elderly individuals may no longer handle certain tasks, making family and caregivers more involved. --- Impact on Nursing With the increasing elderly population, nurses will need to anticipate and adjust care strategies to accommodate the specific needs of older adults. --- Characteristics of Older Filipino Persons Women constitute 60% of the older adult population. Most older Filipino women are widows, while more men are married or in live-in arrangements. --- Educational and Employment Profile of Older Filipinos 66% of older adults have elementary-level education, with recent cohorts showing improvement in educational attainment. 57% of older men and 39% of older women remain economically active, with activity decreasing with age. --- Religion and Living Conditions of Older Filipinos 86% of older adults are Roman Catholic. More older adults reside in rural areas (58%) compared to urban settings (42%). --- Impact of Aging on Families Families play a significant role in caring for older adults, though changing family structures impact caregiving dynamics. Emotionally distant families face greater challenges in supporting older members. --- Phases of Aging Older adults are categorized into three groups: 1. Young-old (65-74 years) 2. Middle-old (75-84 years) 3. Old-old (85+ years) --- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs This framework is used to prioritize elderly care, moving from the most basic physiological needs to self-actualization. Nurses can use this model to understand and meet the needs of older adults, enhancing their quality of life. --- Wellness in Aging Wellness is a holistic concept encompassing physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being. Nurses can help older adults achieve higher levels of wellness by promoting well-being in supportive environments. --- Gerontology and Geriatrics Gerontology: The study of aging from various perspectives, including biological, sociological, and psychological. Geriatrics: A branch of medicine focused on preventing and treating diseases in older adults. --- Conclusion: Implications for Gerontological Nursing Nurses play a key role in promoting the highest quality of care for older adults. Ageist attitudes should be challenged, and nurses must empower older adults to achieve the best possible quality of life. --- Key Concepts: 1. Aging is influenced by biological, social, and cultural factors. 2. Older adults have the potential to achieve higher levels of wellness, regardless of their health status. 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can help prioritize nursing interventions in elderly care. 4. Gerontological nursing is essential for addressing the complex needs of the aging population. --- This is a general text conversion from your PowerPoint presentation. Let me know if you need further modifications or specific sections. LESSON 3 Here is the text version of your PowerPoint presentation on "Culture and Theories of Aging": --- THEORIES OF AGING Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the students can: 1. Discuss how culture influences health beliefs. 2. Identify strategies for working with patients in cross-cultural settings. 3. Explain the need for cultural competence in nursing to reduce health disparities. 4. Discuss the major theories of aging. 5. Identify factors that promote the healthy aging process. --- Cultural Competence in Nursing Nurses are expected to provide competent care to individuals with different life experiences, cultural perspectives, values, communication styles, and ages. Cultural competence requires communication beyond language and includes understanding facial expressions, postures, and gestures. --- The Lived Experience Shin (75-year-old woman): Feels isolated in a retirement home as the only Chinese resident who speaks Cantonese. Helena (23-year-old): Surprised by the complexity of aging. Helen (18-year-old): Discovers that not all older adults are the same. --- Culture Refers to shared and learned values, beliefs, expectations, and behaviors of a group of people. It shapes beliefs about aging, health, illness, treatment, and prevention. --- Health Disparities Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes between groups, often due to obstacles related to race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, or geographic location. --- Theories of Aging Theories explain phenomena to bring order and simplify the world. Aging theories span biological and psychosocial perspectives. They are not competing but offer overlapping views of the aging process. --- Biological Theories of Aging: 1. Error (Stochastic) Theories: Aging is due to the accumulation of errors in cellular DNA and RNA replication, leading to cell dysfunction. Cross-Linking Theory: Stiffening of proteins like collagen results in signs of aging (e.g., wrinkles, stiff joints). Free Radical Theory: Cellular damage from free radicals, exacerbated by environmental pollutants (e.g., smog, pesticides). Wear and Tear Theory: Aging is due to accumulated damage from use, injury, or external stressors. Evolutionary Theories: Aging is related to the interplay between mutation, natural selection, and energy use (e.g., Mutation Accumulation, Antagonistic Pleiotropy, Disposable Soma). Biogerontology Theory: Pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses) play a role in physiological changes over time. 2. Programmed Aging (Nonstochastic) Theories: Aging is predetermined at the cellular level. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death): Cells have a limited number of replications before they die. Genetic Theory: Aging is influenced by an individual's genetic programming. Autoimmune Theory: Aging is caused by the immune system’s declining capacity. Neuroendocrine Theory: Functional decline in neurons and hormones triggers aging. Radiation Theory: UV light exposure accelerates skin aging. Nutrition Theory: Good nutrition promotes healthier aging. Environmental Theory: Exposure to harmful substances (e.g., mercury, lead, tobacco smoke) accelerates aging. --- Sociological Theories of Aging: 1. Disengagement Theory: Older adults gradually withdraw from society to mutual benefit. 2. Activity Theory: Older adults should continue a middle-aged lifestyle to deny aging. 3. Continuity Theory: Personal patterns of behavior remain unchanged with aging. 4. Age Stratification Theory: People of similar age groups share similar experiences and life transitions. 5. Subculture Theory: Older adults form distinct groups with norms, beliefs, and issues separate from society. --- Psychosocial Theories of Aging: These theories explain changes in behavior, roles, and relationships that occur as individuals age. Developmental Task Theory: Describes the process of healthy psychological aging, where individuals meet challenges and adjust to life experiences. Gerotranscendence: A shift from a materialistic view to a cosmic perspective with age. --- Developmental Theories of Aging: 1. Erik Erikson’s Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Older adults reflect on their lives with either a sense of fulfillment or regret. 2. Robert Havighurst’s Model: Focuses on biological, psychological, and social development throughout life. 3. Robert Peck’s Theory: Focuses on adapting to aging through body transcendence, role differentiation, and ego transcendence. --- Nursing Theories of Aging: 1. Functional Consequences Theory: Promotes wellness by addressing the interconnectedness of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Theory of Thriving: Thriving requires finding meaning in life despite challenges. 3. Theory of Successful Aging: Includes physical, mental, and spiritual well-being, with individuals adapting to their environment. --- Positive Lifestyle Factors for Aging Well: 1. Regular and adequate sleep 2. Balanced meals and regular physical activity 3. Maintaining a healthy body weight 4. Avoiding tobacco and using alcohol in moderation LESSON 5 Terminologies: Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge accumulated over a lifetime; arises from the dominant hemisphere of the brain. Fluid Intelligence: Involves new information coming from the non-dominant hemisphere. Immunosenescence: Aging of the immune system. Presbycusis: Progressive hearing loss with age-related changes to the inner ear. Presbyopia: Inability to focus due to reduced lens elasticity. Presbyesophagus: Decreased intensity of propulsive waves in the esophagus. --- Aging Cells: Old cells function less well and eventually die. Cells can be damaged by harmful substances like radiation and chemotherapy. Old cells die because they are programmed to do so and can divide only a limited number of times. --- Bones and Joints: Osteopenia: Moderate loss of bone density. Osteoporosis: Severe loss of bone density, often occurring after menopause in women due to reduced estrogen production. Bones become less dense due to lower calcium and vitamin D levels. Aging also affects joints and cartilage, contributing to conditions like osteoarthritis. --- Muscles and Body Fat: Muscle mass and strength decrease starting around age 30, reducing by 10-15% during a lifetime. Physical inactivity accelerates muscle mass loss, and by age 75, body fat typically doubles compared to young adulthood. --- Nursing Implications: Promote a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Encourage daily exercises and safety measures. --- Eyes: The lens stiffens and becomes denser, making it harder to focus on close objects and see in dim light. Vision changes may include yellowing of the lens, decreased depth perception, and the development of floaters. --- Ears: Hearing high-pitched sounds becomes difficult (presbycusis), and consonants are harder to distinguish, especially in noisy environments. --- Mouth and Nose: Taste and smell decrease with age, with dry mouth and tooth enamel erosion leading to increased tooth decay. Nursing interventions include ensuring proper denture fit and cleanliness and using safety measures like gas and smoke detectors. --- Gastrointestinal System: Digestive system changes include slower stomach emptying, reduced absorption of nutrients, and an increased risk of constipation and lactose intolerance. --- Skin: Skin becomes thinner, less elastic, and prone to tearing and bruising due to changes in collagen and elastin. Nursing implications focus on moisturizing the skin, protecting it from temperature extremes, and promoting good nutrition. --- Brain and Nervous System: Blood flow to the brain decreases, and older adults may experience slower reaction times and reduced memory. Despite these changes, brain function remains accurate with enough time. --- Cardiovascular System: The heart becomes stiffer, blood pressure increases, and arteries lose elasticity, affecting the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. --- Lungs: The lungs become less elastic, and the number of air sacs decreases, making exercise more challenging. --- Reproductive System: In women, menopause leads to decreased hormone levels, vaginal dryness, and breast sagging. In men, testosterone levels decrease, affecting libido and increasing the risk of erectile dysfunction. --- Endocrine System: Reduced levels of growth hormone and insulin lead to decreased muscle mass and increased blood sugar levels. --- Immune System: The immune response slows down, increasing the risk of infections and cancer in older adults. --- Key Concepts: Aging brings many physical changes, but not all are significant in the absence of disease