Islamic Architecture 7th Century to Present - PDF

LOGO ISLAMIC ARCHITECURE [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- 7th century to the present day [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- 7th century to the present day...

LOGO ISLAMIC ARCHITECURE [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- 7th century to the present day [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- 7th century to the present day Islamic Architecture – encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious style from the foundation of Islam to the present day. It owes its origin to similar structure already existing in Roman, Byzantine and Persian lands, which Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. The forms and decorative practice of their buildings are largely adaptations of pre-Islamic models Muslim rulers created an art that can appropriately be called Muslim. The principal Islamic Architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tombs, the Palace and the Fort. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- INFLUENCES: 1. HIstorical Muslim chronology dates back in 622 A.D. when Mohammed moved from Mecca to Medina. In the succeeding ten years, Mohammed established the framework of the religion and of the military organization, charged with spreading the faith. Islam, the religion started in Arabia during the first decades of the 7th century. It developed into a state and a civilization. Islamic Architecture style emerged soon after Muhammad’s time, his death in 632. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- INFLUENCES: 2. Geographical The Muslim faith flourished in the countries of Southern Asia and North Africa. The spread of Islam has been frequently associated with military conquest, racial movements and in some cases the displacement of established populations The most important were the Arab expansion northward and westwards out of Arabian Peninsula and the drive of the Turkish and Mongol groups South, Southeast and Southwest out of Central Asia. [email protected] INFLUENCES: 2. Geographical Islamic World [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- INFLUENCES: 3. Geological The countries into which Islam first expanded were already rich in building traditions. Brick making and pise walling was almost universal in the alluvial plains. Marble was generally available. There was already a long tradition of ceramic production, use of gypsum plaster, glass manufacture and various form of metal works needed for building. 4. Climatic The greater part of Muslim world lies with extreme temperature and modest rainfall. Excessive sunshine produced a tendency towards wide eaves and sheltering arcades, window openings are minimized. The cooling effect of structures are heavy walls and high rooms. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- INFLUENCES: 5. Religious The Islamic faith produced a way of life and a set of attitudes which had great influence on their architecture. These maybe summarized as an acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life; humility; an abhorrence of image worship. The effect of these beliefs on Islamic architecture are: there is no essential differentiation in techniques between buildings of religious connotation and other buildings. important architectural endeavor is expended on buildings having a direct social or community purpose and worship. decorations tend towards the abstract, using geometric. calligraphic and plant motifs. basic conservatism discouraged innovations but favored established forms. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE A. The Arab Peninsula, Syria and Mesopotamia The Umayyad Period was the formative one for Islamic architecture. The center is in Syria and Palestine where most of the monuments from this period are found. In religious architecture great structures survived and are the most revered places of Islamic worship next to the mosque Mecca. 1. The Dome of the Rock ( 691 AD ) in Jerusalem 2. The Great Mosque of Damascus also called the Umayyad Mosque ( 705 AD ) [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE A. The Arab Peninsula, Syria and Mesopotamia 1. The Dome of the Rock – (691) in Jerusalem is 0ne of the most famous building in all Islamic Architecture. It patterned after the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- A. The Arab Peninsula, Syria and Mesopotamia 1. The Dome of the Rock – consist of a central dome covering the summit of Mount Moriah. The dome is carried on a great masonry arcade. The inner and outer are separated by second colonnade of Corinthian columns. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- A. The Arab Peninsula, Syria and Mesopotamia 2. The Great Mosque of Damascus – also known as Umayyad Mosque (completed 715 by Caliph Al-Walid I) was built on the site of the basilica of St John the Baptist, after the Islam invasion of Damascus. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- A. The Arab Peninsula, Syria and Mesopotamia 2. The Great Mosque of Damascus – also known as Umayyad Mosque. It bore great resemblance to the 6th and 7th Christian basilica. It is one of the largest and oldest mosque in the world. The mosque hold a shrine which said to contain the head of St John the Baptist, honored by both Muslims and Christians as a prophet. Interior, with the Chapel of St. John [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture Developed in Spain and North Africa by the Arabs (called ”Moors” by the Spanish) who invaded Spain beginning in the 8th century. One of the most distinguished characteristic of Moorish Architecture is a plain exterior with an exquisitely ornate interior. Moorish style in Islamic Spain introduced horseshoe-shaped and scalloped arches. The Great Mosque of Cordova – (786) now known as a cathedral Mezquita. It marks the beginning of Moorish architecture Alhambra – (786) the magnificent palace/fortress of Granada. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture The Horseshoe Arch – is also called the Moorish Arch and the Keyhole Arch. It is the emblematic arch of Islamic architecture. The Muslims acquired this from the Visigoths in Spain. The horseshoe arches can take rounded, pointed or lobed form. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture The Horseshoe Arch – is also called the Moorish Arch and the Keyhole Arch. ▲ An arcade of scalloped arches at the Aljaferia Palace [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture Great Mosque of Cordova locally known as La Mezquita is one of Islam’s finest legacies in Spain, now called Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture Great Mosque of Cordova, introduced to architecture the double arches, consisting of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch, thus permitting a higher ceiling. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- B. Spain (786 - AD) – Moorish Architecture Alhambra known as Red Castle A sprawling palace-citadel on a hill A room of the overlooking Granada, Andalucia palace and a view of the court. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Islamic conquest in North Africa at the hands of Uqba Ibn Nafi (683 A.D.), saw the Islamic architectural develop in the region. Some of the important mosque and tombs built are: The Great Mosque in Kairouan in Tunisia (670) The Great Mosque Ibn Tulun in Cairo (876-879) The Madrassahand tomb of Sultan Hassan, Cairo (1356-63) [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Great Mosque of Kairouan – Tunisia (670) also called the Mosque of Uqba is considered as the ancestor of all mosque in Western Islamic world. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Great Mosque of Kairouan – is constituted of a massive square minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos as a large hypostyle hall, covered on its two sides by two cupolas. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Mosque of Kairouan had a large courtyard surrounded by a porticos as a huge hypostyle hall covered on its axis by two cupolas. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt 879. Built by Ahmed Ibn Tulun. The most attractive in the structure of the mosque is the minaret. The Ibn Tulun Mosque remains the first building where the pointed arch was used constructively. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt 879. The Ibn Tulun Mosque remains the first building where the pointed arch was used constructively. The Pointed Arch [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Madrassah and Tomb of Sultan Hassan Cairo, (1356-63) Has all the characteristic elements of the Egyptian Madrassah on an impressive scale. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- C. Egypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Madrassah and Tomb of Sultan Hassan Cairo, (1356-63) 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and TurkestanEgypt, North Africa to Tunisia The Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century or the Arab conquest of Iran availed the Muslims with the vast wealth of architectural innovations developed over the centuries. One important architectural trend to rise in the Seljuk era (Seljuk Empire ruled Iran In 11th century.) is the development of mausolea and tomb towers. Some of the important mosque and tombs built are: The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iran (847) The Tomb of Ismael, the Samanid and Bukhara Minare Medrese, Konya The GUR-i-mir, Samarkand [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iran (847) once the largest mosque in the world, made of baked bricks. Built by al-Mutawakkil. The mosque is known for its spiral minaret. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan The spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, Uzbekistan The resting place of Ismail Samani an influential amir in the Samanid Dynasty. The building is an almost perfect cube, on which is superimposed a hemispherical masonry dome. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, Uzbekistan The resting place of Ismail Samani an influential amir in the Samanid Dynasty [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan Minare Medrese, Konya (1258) A remarkable building in the Seljuk era. It is monumental building with an extremely tall Minaret and the finest entrance portal. The minaret was faced in ceramic brickwork. ▲Minare Medrese [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- D. Persia ( Iran ) and Turkestan The GUR-I-mir, Samarkand A remarkable building for an elongated circular drum, which carries a stilted bulbous ribbed dome. A structure with extraordinary proportion. ▲ Gur I mir [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) The Ottoman architecture starts with the conquest of Constantinople. Byzantine architecture served as a model for many Ottoman mosque. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by massive dome. Some of the important mosque and tombs built are: The Chinli Kiosk, Istanbul (1472) The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul (1551) The Hagia Sophia The Blue Mosque or the Sultan Ahmed Mosque [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) The Chinli Kiosk, Istanbul (1472) An unusual and lovely building on a plan much influenced by Persian Architecture. A uniform central space is surmounted by a dome, and surrounded by other domed chambers. The entrance face is formed by along arcaded verandah of great elegance. ▲ Chinli Kiosk Istanbul [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul (1551) An Ottoman imperial mosque. The largest and grandest mosque in Istanbul. ▲ The Suleymaniye Mosque 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul (1551) A center of civic complex. Around the compound containing the mosque are group baths, schools, a hospital, group of shops, restaurants, living quarters and houses for officials and religious offices. ▲ The Suleymaniye Mosque 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) Hagia Sophia in Istanbul - The Ottomans converted the Byzantine Church of Hagia Sophia into a Mosque, by framing it with two pointed minaret. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- E. Turkey ( Ottoman Architecture) The Blue Mosque or the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1609) It is called the Blue Mosque because of the blue interior tiles. The most striking feature of the exterior are the beautiful domes, that cascades down from the great central dome. Another is the six minarets, when it is usually four. ▲ The Blue Mosque [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent At the close of the 12th century, the Muslims occupied India. The Muslims inherited a wealth of varied designs. Indo-Islamic architecture has produced some of the greatest monument in the Islam world. Some of the monuments are: Tomb of Iltutmish ( 1235 ) Tomb of Humayon, Delhi ( 1565 ) The Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra ( 1593-1613 ) The Taj Mahal, Agra ( 1630-53 ) [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent Tomb of Iltutmish ( 1235 ) A compact square structure 42-feet side with entrances at three sides. The western wall, enclose to accommodate three mihrab. The entire internal surface is striated with bas-reliefs frieze and sets an important precedent for the extensive use of calligraphic decorations in India. ▲ Tomb of Iltutmish 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent Tomb of Iltutmish ( 1235 ) A richly decorated octagonal chamber designed to carry a dome over a central cenotaph. An interesting feature was the appearance of the squinch in the walls, the first structure in India, having a squinch. ▲ Tomb of Iltutmish [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent Tomb of Humayon, Delhi ( 1565 ) In the center of a huge charbagh (four quartered garden), a large square platform is built, on which a mausoleum with identical facades on four sides, and is capped with a large dome of white marble. The mosque became the prototype of Tomb Architecture. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent The Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra ( 1593-1613 ) A unique Islamic, building used post and beams, stacked up like a four storied jungle gym, instead of the traditional arch and domes in Islamic architecture. Each of the terraces above is surrounded by arcaded cloisters and the topmost containing the cenotaph is enclosed with dazzling pierced trelliswork. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent The Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra ( 1593-1613 ) The tomb stand in a formal garden, approached through a massive gateway. ▲ Gateway Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent The Taj Mahal, Agra ( 1630-53 ) The tomb was erected by Emperor Shah Jehan in memory of his favorite wife Mumtaz-Mahal. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent The Taj Mahal, Agra ( 1630-53 ) The tomb is 57 square meter in plan. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- F. The Indian Sub-Continent The Taj Mahal, Agra ( 1630-53 ) mosque pond mausoleum pond garden hall court great gateway court gateway ▲ Taj Majal [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Islamic Architecture is fundamentally centered on God. At its heart is the Mosque, a Muslim house of worship. Mosque may serve many functions other than prayer, it maybe used as school, transactions are made and storage for treasures. Features of the Mosque includes a minaret, mihrab the courtyard. The courtyard is cloistered and arcaded. The sides were punctuated with gateways or arched porch (iwans) Other building elements are the madrassah, han (hostel) and kiosk The kiosk could be a little ornamental pavilion or might take the form of a massive tomb, high and domed. [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Features of the Mosque includes a minaret, mihrab the courtyard. The courtyard is cloistered and arcaded. The sides were punctuated with gateways or arched porch (iwans) 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Minaret [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The most important form of opening was the pointed arch. The pointed arch originated in the Byzantine and Sassanian Empire, Persia., where it mostly appears in early Christian churches. Islamic architecture uses it as a major structure and decorative feature. 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The pointed arch sometimes stilted, The arch produced a series of forms: pointed pointed orseshoe Saracenic horseshoe four centered Tudor ogee ogee 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The pointed arch sometimes stilted, The arch produced a series of forms: multifoil round trefoil pointed trefoil [email protected] 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Islamic Architecture, domes were widely used, Persia. Mughal (member of Indian Muslim dynasty of Mongol origin) and Egyptians tended to be pointed in contrast to the hemispherical Turkish version. pointed dome hemispherical dome 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The use of decorative Islamic calligraphy, floral abstraction arabesque (geometric interlacement), as a motif instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. calligraphy Arabesque pattern 1.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE --- ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The stalactite is an important structural and ornamental device, it can be used as a corbel to close an opening. Stalactite or Muquarmas The construction is by repeated corbelling, which can be elaborated and decorated to an astonishing degree. LOGO ISLAMIC ARCHITECURE [email protected]