HLTH 103 - Biological Determinants of Health PDF

HLTH 103 – Biological Determinants of Health Major Themes in Biology Health Science Intended Learning Outcomes: By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:  Explain how knowledge of science and biology can facilitate informed decisions making.  Describe how the 4-features of life d...

HLTH 103 – Biological Determinants of Health Major Themes in Biology Health Science Intended Learning Outcomes: By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:  Explain how knowledge of science and biology can facilitate informed decisions making.  Describe how the 4-features of life distinguish living from non-living things.  Know the relationships between atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and cells.  Outline the relationship between DNA, genes, and alleles, and compare how genes are inherited in sexual and asexual reproduction.  Explain Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection  Classify all living organisms based on their characteristics and the Linnaeus taxonomy.  Explain the connection between common ancestors, the diversity of environments on earth, and the scientific classification system. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Outline of Topics  Science, Biology & Society  Characteristics of Life:  Metabolism  Reproduction  Evolution  Diversity  Diversity & Classifying all life  Distinguishing Humans from all other life Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Science, Biology & Society  organization of knowledge  study of the natural world  includes all matter and all energy  a process to acquire new knowledge Greek origin: bios (life) logos How would you describe the difference (thought) between a discipline, subdiscipline, multidiscipline, and interdisciplinary. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Science, Biology & Society  Biology affects your personal life & health  Personal health  Diet  Exercise  Injury  Disease  Understanding biology allows you to:  make informed decisions  act as a good, respectable citizen Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Biology: Key Themes  Cells are the simplest units of life.  Living organisms use energy.  Living organisms interact with their environment.  Living organisms maintain homeostasis.  Living organisms grow and develop.  The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction.  Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next.  All species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history.  Structure determines function.  New properties of life emerge from complex interactions.  Biology is an experimental science.  Biology affects our society. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life Adapted Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM / ENERGY Atoms, Elements & Molecules  All substances are composed of ELEMENTS  Elements are pure chemical substances  Elements are composed of atoms  ATOMS are composed of:  neutrons  protons nucleus  electrons Which 3 elements are the most important for life? Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM  Atoms are the building blocks for every physical thing  An element is composed of one type of atom  Atoms contain  Protons (positive charge)  Electrons (negative charge)  Neutrons (neutral)  The center of the atom is the nucleus; it contains protons and neutrons  Electrons move around the nucleus in orbitals due to the attraction of opposite charges Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM Chemical Bonding:  If the outer orbital is full, the atom is stable  If there are vacancies, the atom is reactive  Atoms like sodium and chloride will bond to fill those vacancies, creating salt Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM  Some atoms share electrons to complete their outer shells, creating a chemical bond  Chemical bonding combines atoms into molecules Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM Molecules, Macromolecules & Cells  Multiple molecules combined create MACROMOLECULES:  Lipids  Proteins  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acids  Macromolecules create cells  CELLS are the smallest units of life  Which additional molecule(s) is(are) also essential for all life. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM Chemical Reactions and Enzymes  Chemical reactions in cells  Break molecules into smaller components  Join molecules into larger structures  Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: METABOLISM & ENERGY  Chemical reactions with molecules within cells create ENERGY  The universal form of ENERGY for all life is ATP  Energy is required for cells to do work, grow & reproduce  This allows organisms (e.g. humans) to also do work, grow & reproduce  The sun is the ultimate source of energy:  Plants capture energy from light to make sugars  Organisms extract energy from the food they eat Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: CELLS  CELLS are the smallest units of life  Some organisms are only a single cells: UNICELLULAR  Some organisms are made up of multiple cells: MULTICELLULAR Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis & Regulation  Organisms will have regulatory mechanisms in place to allow them to maintain internal conditions despite changes in the external environment  Homeostasis: steady state  examples: body temperature, pH, blood glucose Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: SENSING Sensing & Adaptation  Organisms will sense and respond to their environment  Chemotaxis: movement in response to chemicals  Phototaxis: movement in response to sunlight Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: GROWTH  growth and development is a natural part of the lifecycle of many organisms  growth and development will be based on genes, which provide instructions on cellular processes  through genetics and inheritance, the characteristics of a species are passed from parents to progeny Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: REPRODUCTION & GROWTH  INHERITANCE involves passing information from one generation to the next  For humans, this genetic information is contained in SPERM and EGG cells  To create a new human, only 1-single egg + 1-sperm are required = 1-cell zygote  That first single cell will copy DNA, grow & divide via MITOSIS, copy DNA, grow & divide via MITOSIS, copy DNA, grow & divide via MITOSIS … to create a large multicellular human! Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: REPRODUCTION & GROWTH  Some organisms inherit genetic traits in the form of DNA from two parents  Each parent has a different combination of alleles  The unique combination of inherited alleles makes each individual genetically different Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: REPRODUCTION & GROWTH  Single celled organisms, such as bacteria, undergo ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION  During asexual reproduction, the single cells grows to nearly double its size and the single cell copies its DNA to create 2-complete and identical sets of DNA  The cell then divides in half & distributes 1-copy of the DNA to each new daughter cell  Each new daughter cells should be identical in cell size, shape, contents and DNA to each other and to the original parent cell  There is only 1-parent cell  Creates identical cells Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: REPRODUCTION & GROWTH  Most multicellular organisms, such as humans, undergo SEXUAL REPRODUCTION  Gametes (sperm & egg) are created via MEIOSIS  Sexual reproduction fuses two gametes  Requires 2-different parent cells: Mother with egg + father with sperm  Allows for genetic exchange  Creates new combination of alleles  Allows for diverse offspring with distinct traits Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION  In a population, some alleles are common, while others are rare  Modern biological definition of evolution: the frequency of alleles changes in a population over time Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809-1882)  studied plants and animals while on an exploration from 1831-1836  observed diversity of species & habitats  spent over 20-years observing and compiling evidence  published in The Origin of the Species in 1859  Reported on Natural Selection: 1. Variation: individuals in a population vary from one another 2. Inheritance of variation from parents to offspring 3. Differential survival & reproduction: in every population, many offspring die before reaching sexual reproductive maturity Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION Charles Darwin (1809-1882) VARIATION SURVIVAL  Natural Selection INHERITANCE Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION Natural Selection: describes the mechanism through which species change over time  Changes in allele frequency are aimed at providing a survival advantage  Survivors are more likely to reproduce  Variations are passed onto offspring  Increase frequency of beneficial mutations  Reduced frequency of harmful mutations  Over time, species become better adapted to their environment  Populations may become so different they split and create separate new species  Descent with Modification Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION  Descent with Modification Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION  Study of Darwin’s Finches continued by Peter and Rosemary Grant  For over 40-years they have researched the Galapagos finches  Medium ground finches are seed eaters with variable beak size  Birds with larger beaks eat large, tough seeds  Birds with smaller beaks eat smaller seeds Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION The Grants’ 40-Year Study  1976-1977: severe drought reduced the number of seeds available  80% of the finches died  only large, hard seeds were available  drought conditions gave birds with large beaks a survival advantage  average beak depth increased 7% in a few seasons indicating birds with large beaks survived Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Characteristics of Life: EVOLUTION All life is related: Example: Vertebrates  All have internal skeleton  All have skull, brain, spinal cord & sensory system  Very diverse group … but  Similar body plan  Similar bone structure  Similar organs  Similar systems Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE  following the discovery of microorganisms with the use of microscopes, it became abundantly apparent that the microbial world is highly diverse  microbial cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes, colors and arrangements  standard taxonomic approach established by Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s) was applied  Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus (plural: genera), and Species.  Kingdoms: Animals and Plants  classification schema based on directly observable and visible characteristics:  presence or absence of a nucleus (eukaryotic vs prokaryotic)  number of cells (i.e., unicellular vs multicellular)  type of metabolism (i.e., photosynthesis ) Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE  additional more detailed investigations of a variety of organisms lead to additional categories  Ernst Haeckel (German biologist) proposed a third and then a fourth kingdom:  Protista: unicellular organisms with a nucleus  Monera: unicellular organisms without a nucleus (i.e., Bacteria) Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE  investigations by Robert Whittaker (1969) resulted in another Kingdom: Fungi  5-Kingdoms:  Animalia  Plantae  Fungi  Protista  Monera Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE  investigations by Robert Whittaker (1969) resulted in another Kingdom: Fungi  5-Kingdoms:  Animalia  Plantae  Fungi  Protista  Monera Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE  advances molecular tools and techniques have allowed for 16s rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequencing and comparisons  1970’s: Carl Woes & George Fox  3 Domain Model:  Bacteria  Archaea  Eukarya  Animal  Plants  Fungi  Protista L. U. C. A. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE Linnaean Classification Binomial nomenclature  Each species has a unique scientific name  Genus name capitalized  Species descriptor is not capitalized  Both names are italicized  Examples: - Homo sapiens - Amphiprion ocellaris = Ocellaris clownfish - Escherichia coli Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE Classification of humans Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE: SPECIATION  SPECIATION: evidence that species branch off from existing species to create new species  Even though speciation can take thousands of years or more, evidence is left behind that allows scientists to reconstruct these ancestral relationships  Individuals are considered the same species if they can breed and have viable young  Individuals that look different may still be able to breed and reproduce  Doesn’t work for all organisms: sometimes different species can still interbreed, especially plants Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Diversity & Classifying all LIFE: SPECIATION Speciation occurs in three stages: 1. Genetic isolation - populations are physically divided, which prevents breeding - this often occurs when a geographical feature divides two populations 2. Genetic divergence - each population accumulates genetic differences over time - populations change and naturally diverge genetically, structurally, and behaviorally as they adapt to their more specific environments 3. Secondary contact: when separated populations meet again - If they can NO longer successfully breed, speciation has taken place - If they can STILL breed, speciation has NOT taken place Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Distinguishing HUMANS from all LIFE Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Distinguishing HUMANS from all LIFE Food for thought  Describe the content knowledge in this article that you already have? Describe at least one example.  Share some new knowledge and content that you learned from this article? Include an example  Can you connect the content in this article to our course content? Did the article demonstrate application(s) of our course content? How, explain and provide examples.  Explain the main message of this article and what is the supportive evidence that is provided?  Where there sections of this article that were thought-provoking in either a negative or positive way? For instance, was there anything disturbing or controversial? Was their anything new and exciting? Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Biological Basis of Determinants of Health BDOH  Which of the following do you consider the most important for the biological determinants of health, genes & genetics, cells & organelles, or physiological systems and please explain.  Describe your understanding of proximal and distal factors. Provide some of examples of proximal factors and distal factors.  Based on your reading and understanding of the article, is the author more in favor of medical, clinical, and pharmacological interventions or not in favor of these interventions, please explain Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding Select the description(s) for the discipline of paleontology? biogeography? and molecular biology? A. analyzing the sudden extinction of dinosaurs along with the iridium layer deposit in sedimentary rock B. comparing the diversity of organisms found in sequential strata of the Grand Canyon C. correlating the habitat features and diversity of species of lizards present on neighboring islands D. analyzing and comparing Neanderthal and modern human mitochondrial genomes E. testing the hypothesis that ostriches of Africa and emus of Australia are close relatives that diverged from a flightless ancestor F. building a phylogeny based on the analysis of the cytochrome c protein found inFrom: Adapted all Bozzone, animals Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms (e.g., birds, trees, bacteria, humans etc) A. grow by adding more cells or enlarging cells B. produce offspring of the same type as the parent C. use energy to maintain internal conditions D. have levels of internal organization E. only able to move with specialized structures F. respond to their environment G. composed of one or more cells Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding Select the statement that best describes homeostasis: A. internal mechanisms that decrease physiological variables B. maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium within the human body C. prevention of changes from happening within the human body D. spontaneous induction of changes to alter the internal state of the body Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding: What is an allele? A. one of several possible versions of a gene B. a defective gene C. a dysfunctional gene D. another word for “gene” E. the version of a gene one gets from a parent Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding Which of the following molecules is required for information storage? A. deoxyribonucleic acid B. ribonucleic acid C. adenosine triphosphate D. polymerase E. glycogen F. all of the choices G. none of the choices Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Check your understanding: In a recent study, Creanza et al. (2015) measured patterns of genetic variability and language variability among and between human populations. They found striking similarities between these two types of data, which suggested that genomes and languages evolve in similar ways. If language is shaped by forces that are similar to those that shape genomes, which statements would you expect to be true about the evolution of human language? A. Migration between populations results in the transfer of language between populations. B. Within an isolated population, language continues to evolve independent of other populations. C. The greater the geographic distance between populations, the greater the differences in language. D. Population isolation has no effect on differences in language structure between populations. E. Language is static and does not change over time. Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Adapted From: Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press