Enzymes & Metabolism (PDF)

1. The substrate of proteolytic enzymes are: a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. vitamins d. lipid e. nucleic acids 2. The binding of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme is carried out according to the principle: a. complementarity b. thermal stability c. absolute substratum d. electrophoreti...

1. The substrate of proteolytic enzymes are: a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. vitamins d. lipid e. nucleic acids 2. The binding of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme is carried out according to the principle: a. complementarity b. thermal stability c. absolute substratum d. electrophoretic properties e. thermal lability 3. Enzymes that catalyze reactions of intramolecular transfer of atoms or groups of atoms: a. isomerases b. ligases c. transferases d. hydrolases e. oxidoreductases 4. Name the process of converting an inactive form of pepsin into an active one, accompanied by a decrease in its molecular weight: a. partial proteolysis b. phosphorylation c. dephosphorylation d. deamination e. phosphorolysis 5. An enzyme containing a coenzyme and having enzymatic activity is called: a. holoenzymes b. coenzymes c. cofactors d. apoenzymes e. protomer 6. Indicate the reaction catalyzed by kinases: a. transfer of the phosphate group from the donor molecule to the acceptor b. cleavage of hydrogen from the substrate and transfer to the acceptor c. by addition of water d. breaking C-C-links e. cleavage of intramolecular bonds with the participation of water 7. The nature of a competitive inhibitor for an enzyme is that it is a structural analog of: a. substrate b. enzyme c. reaction product d. enzyme and reaction product e. all participants in the reaction 8. For diagnostic purposes the activity of enzymes is most often determined in a biological fluid: a. serum b. gastric juice c. cerebrospinal fluid d. lymph e. saliva 9. Indicate the site of the enzyme that provides direct participation in the act of catalysis: a. catalytic center b. substrate center c. allosteric inhibitor d. allosteric effector e. allosteric center 10. Name the site of the enzyme to which the substrate is attached: a. active center b. holoenzyme c. allosteric center d. apoenzyme e. allosteric effector 11. Irreversible inhibitors reduce enzymatic activity as a result of the formation of bonds with an enzyme molecule: a. covalent b. ionic c. disulfide d. non-covalent e. hydrogen 12. In enzyme diagnostics in a patient with lesions of the liver parenchyma, the level of the enzyme is determined: a. ALT b. AST c. CK d. alfa-amylase e. acid phosphatase 13. What properties are characteristic of the enzyme: a. specificity b. insensitive to pH c. thermally stable d. changeability after completion of the reaction e. low catalytic activity 14. The allosteric center of the enzyme is: a. a site of an enzyme molecule with which low-molecular substances that differ in structure from substrates bind b. a site of the molecule that ionizes the substrate c. a section of the molecule that provides attachment of the substrate d. non-protein part of the enzyme that ionizes the substrate e. a part of the molecule that is part of the active center. 15. Enzyme inhibitors are substances: a. reducing the rate of enzymatic reactions b. increasing the rate of enzymatic reactions c. causing denaturation of enzymes d. reducing the solubility of enzymes e. do not change the rate of enzymatic reactions 16. Vitamin that acts as a coenzyme, capable of accepting and donating electrons and protons along the pyrimidine ring: a. РР b. A c. B2 d. B6 e. D 17. The active form of the vitamin, which is part of the aminotransferase: a. pyridoxal phosphate b. thiamine diphosphate c. coenzyme A d. FAD e. NAD+ 18. The function of vitamins as a cofactor in the body: a. binds to the active site of the enzyme b. binds to the enzyme only by weak bonds c. binds to the enzyme only by covalent bonds d. binds to substrate e. inhibits the action of the enzyme 19. A derivative of vitamin PP is participating in biochemical reactions: a. dehydrogenation b. decarboxylation c. deamination d. acetylation e. transfer of acyl groups 20. A derivative of the vitamin thiamine participates in biochemical reactions: a. oxidative decarboxylation of keto acids b. transfer of methyl groups c. deamination of the substrate d. dehydrogenation of the substrate e. decarboxylation of the substrate 21. Catabolism is: a. break down of substances with release of energy b. a set of biosynthetic reactions in a cell c. reactions that use the energy of high energy compounds d. a set of reactions for the synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones e. decay of substances with energy consumption 22. Anabolism is: a. synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones b. synthesis of high energy compounds c. decay of biopolymers to monomers d. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate e. biological oxidation 23. Indicate the product of the specific pathway of monosaccharide catabolism: a. pyruvate b. acetyl-CoA c. fumarate d. alpha-ketoglutarate e. oxaloacetate 24. Indicate the steps that refer to the common pathway of catabolism: a. oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle b. glycerol oxidation c. glucose oxidation d. fatty acid oxidation e. amino acid transamination 25. Indicate the central intermediate metabolite of protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism: a. acetyl-CoA b. citrate c. succinyl-CoA d. oxalic acid e. lactate 26. Substrate phosphorylation reaction is: a. ATP synthesis using the energy of high-energy bonds of substrates b. ATP syntheses using the energy of tissue respiration c. glucose oxidation d. the formation of two phosphotriosis in the aldolase reaction of glycolysis e. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 27. The primary electron acceptor of the respiratory chain is: a. FAD b. cytochrome C c. ubiquinone d. FMN e. NADP 28. The mechanism action of enzyme the first complex of the respiratory chain: a. accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to coenzyme Q b. accepts electrons from coenzyme Q and transfers them to cytochrome c c. accepts electrons from cytochrome c and transfers them to oxygen to form water d. ensuring the transfer of electrons from FADH2 to the iron-sulfur proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane e. transfers 2H + to the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane 29. The final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain is: a. oxygen b. hydrogen c. ubiquinone d. NAD+ e. cytochrome oxidase 30. Indicate the correct sequence of respiratory chain: a. NAD, FMN, ubiquinone, cytochrome b, cytochrome c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3 b. NAD, FMN, ubiquinone, cytochrome c1, cytochrome b, cytochrome c, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3 c. NAD, FMN, ubiquinone, cytochrome c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome b, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3 d. NAD, ubiquinone, FMN, cytochrome b, cytochrome c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3 e. NAD, ubiquinone, FMN, cytochrome c, cytochrome b, cytochrome c1, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3 31. Place of localization of the process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria: a. in the inner membrane b. located in the intermembrane space c. in the matrix d. in the outer membrane e. in the lipid layer of the membrane 32. The simultaneous process of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation is called as follows: a. energy conjugation b. the general path of catabolism c. a specific pathway of catabolism d. preparatory stage of catabolism e. glycolysis 33. Specify the process that occurs when tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are uncoupled: a. the formation of ATP decreases and the release of energy in the form of heat increases b. the formation of ATP increases and the release of energy in the form of heat decreases c. both the release of energy in the form of heat and the formation of ATP increase d. both the release of energy in the form of heat and the formation of ATP are reduced e. energy is absorbed 34. The process leading to the disappearance of the electrochemical potential and the termination of the synthesis of ATP: a. uncoupling of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation b. energy pairing c. an increase in the consumption of ATP d. conjugation of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation e. decrease in ATP consumption 35. An increase in the concentration of ADP affects the following process: a. accelerates tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation b. the rate of reaction in the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation decreases c. reactions in the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation stop d. the rate of reaction in the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation slows down e. reduced ATP formation and heat production 36. In the Krebs cycle, the following are decarboxylated: a. isocitrate, ketoglutarate b. isocitrate, oxaloacetate c. citrate, succinate d. malate, fumarate e. alpha ketoglutarate and citrate 37. When the concentration of this substance increases, the activity of the citrate cycle increases: a. ADP b. creatine c. phosphatidylcholine d. cholesterol e. ATP 38. Calculate the number of ATP molecules synthesized due to the reaction of substrate phosphorylation during the oxidation of 1 molecule of acetyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle: a. 1 b. 11 c. 12 d. 15 e. 24 39. In heart diseases, cocarboxylase (thiamine pyrophosphate) is used to improve energy supply due to the intensification of oxidative processes. Specify which metabolic process it activates: a. oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate b. oxidative phosphorylation c. substrate phosphorylation d. dehydrogenation of succinate e. phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate 40. During aerobic glycolysis, the molecule is cleaved: a. glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate b. fructose to form two molecules of pyruvate c. sucrose to form two molecules of pyruvate d. glucose to form three molecules of pyruvate e. glucose to form two lactate molecules 41. In during anaerobic glycolysis from 1 molecule of glucose is formed: a. 2 lactate molecules b. 2 molecules of pyruvate c. 4 molecules of pyruvate d. 1 molecule of pyruvate e. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of lactate 42. At the second stage of glycolysis, the process takes place: a. formation of NADHH+ b. NADP+ regeneration c. formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate d. formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. completion of glycolysis with the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate 43. The substrate for the reaction of substrate phosphorylation: a. phosphoenolpyruvate b. glucose-6-phosphate c. glucose-1-phosphate d. pyruvate e. lactate 44. At the second stage of glycolysis, this process occurs: a. regeneration of NAD+ b. formation of NADP+ c. formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate d. formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. completion of glycolysis with the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate 45. In the reaction of 3-phosphoglycerate formation from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, ATP synthesis is carried out in this way: a. substrate phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. substrate and oxidative phosphorylation d. dephosphorylation of ATP e. decay of ADP to AMP 46. In anaerobic glycolysis ATP is formed only in this way: a. substrate phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. substrate and oxidative phosphorylation d. dephosphorylation of ATP e. decay of ADP to AMP 47. Brain cells consume the energy of oxidation of these molecules: a. aerobic glucose oxidation b. anaerobic glucose oxidation c. oxidation of fatty acids d. protein oxidation e. both aerobic and anaerobic glucose oxidation 48. Synthesis of ATP in erythrocytes is possible as a result of the process: a. only anaerobic glycolysis b. oxidative phosphorylation c. with the participation of oxygen d. only aerobic glycolysis e. with the participation of FAD-dependent dehydrogenases 49. In conditions of limited oxygen supply to organs, the process takes place: a. anaerobic glycolysis b. NADH+ regeneration c. formation of pyruvate d. aerobic glycolysis e. completion of glycolysis with the formation of CO2 and H2O 50. Indicate the amount of ATP that is formed during anaerobic glycolysis per 1 mole of glucose: a. 2 mole b. 3 mole c. 8 mole d. 12 mole e. 11 mole 51. One of the reasons for a decrease in blood plasma pH is insufficient activity: a. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex b. enzymes of glycolysis c. FAD-dependent dehydrogenase d. oxidative phosphorylation e. dephosphorylation of ATP 52. The formation of ATP during aerobic glycolysis occurs during the implementation of this process: a. substrate and oxidative phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. substrate phosphorylation d. microsomal oxidation e. microsomal oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation 53. Regulation of the rate of glycolysis is determined by this ratio: a. ATP/ADP b. lactate concentration c. ADP/AMP d. P/O e. the formation of phosphoric acid 54. The glycolysis is regulated by the activity of this compound: a. phosphofructokinase b. LDH enzymes c. FAD-dependent dehydrogenase d. substrate phosphorylation e. dephosphorylation of ADP 55. Inhibitor of phosphofructokinase is: a. ATP b. LDH enzymes c. FAD-dependent dehydrogenase d. substrate phosphorylation e. dephosphorylation of ADP 56. In many tissues, inhibitor of hexokinase is: a. glucose-6-phosphate b. AMP c. LDH enzymes d. glucose-1-phosphate e. phosphofructokinase 57. In the first minutes of muscle contraction, glucose oxidation occurs: a. anaerobically b. aerobic c. to pyruvate d. to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. to glucose-6-phosphate 58. During prolonged physical activity, the synthesis of ATP in the muscles occurs due to the process: a. aerobic glycolysis b. anaerobic glycolysis c. lactate synthesis d. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate e. oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate 59. The substrate for the reaction of substrate phosphorylation is: a. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate b. glucose-6-phosphate c. glucose-1-phosphate d. pyruvate e. lactate 60. Name the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway in red blood cells: a. formation of NADPH2 b. formation of ribose-5-phosphate c. cleavage of pentose phosphates d. synthesis of ATP e. reduction of H2O2 to two water molecules 61. The significance of the pentose phosphate cycle is that it is the source of: a. pentose and NADPH2 b. pentose and NADH2 c. pentose and FADH2 d. energy in the form of ATP e. energy in the form of NADH2 62. In the pentose phosphate pathway, NADPH2 is formed by the following enzymes: a. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase b. glucokinase c. transketolase d. phosphofructokinase e. transaldolase 63. Name the process ensuring the simultaneous formation of ribose and NADPH2: a. pentose phosphate pathway b. aerobic glycolysis c. anaerobic glycolysis d. gluconeogenesis e. Cori cycle 64. Coenzyme NADPH2 is a hydrogen donor in reduction reactions for the synthesis of substances: a. fatty acids, cholesterol, inactivation of foreign substances and neutralization of reactive oxygen species b. cholesterol, higher fatty acids, bile acids c. bile acids, pyruvate, acetyl CoA d. fatty acids, acetyl CoA, glycerol-3-phosphate e. acetyl CoA, keto acids, neutralization of reactive oxygen species 65. Name the product formed in the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion: a. ribulose-5-phosphate b. ribose-5-phosphate c. xylulose-5-phosphate d. glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate e. fructose-6-phosphate 66. Name the product formed in the non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion: a. ribose-5-phosphate b. glucose-6-phosphate c. ribulose-5-phosphate d. pyruvate e. glycerol-3-phosphate 67. Pentoses formed in the pentose phosphate cycle are used for the formation of substances: a. purine and pyrimidine nucleotides b. cholesterol c. fatty acids d. bile acids e. fat soluble vitamins 68. Name the product of the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion required for the synthesis of nucleic acids: a. ribose-5-phosphate b. pyruvate c. lactate d. deoxyribose-5-phosphate e. citrate 69. Name the product of the pentose phosphate cycle necessary for the synthesis of glucose: a. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate b. ribulose-5-phosphate, gluconolactone-6-phosphate c. ribose-5-phosphate, xylulose-5-phosphate d. xylulose-5-phosphate, erythrose-4-phosphate e. glucose-6-phosphate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 70. The reduction of NADP occurs as a result of the reaction: a. oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate cycle b. anaerobic glycolysis c. oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate d. non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate cycle e. gluconeogenesis 71. Name the regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway: a. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase b. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase c. glucose phosphate isomerase d. phosphofructokinase e. glyceroaldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase 72. Indicate the substance that is the substrate for the pentose phosphate cycle: a. glucose-6-phosphate b. fructose-6-phosphate c. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d. ribulose-5-phosphate e. ribose-5-phosphate 73. What are the primary substrates of gluconeogenesis: a. lactate, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, glycerol-3 phosphate b. amino acids, glycerol, glycerol-3 phosphate c. lactate, amino acids, fats d. acetyl-CoA, amino acids, lactate 74. Substrate of gluconeogenesis, formed during the breakdown of muscle proteins: a. amino acids b. lactate c. glycerol d. glycerol-3 phosphate e. acetyl CoA 75. Indicate the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: Oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate: a. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase b. pyruvate dehydrogenase c. pyruvate carboxylase d. phosphates glycerol-3 dehydrogenase e. phosphofructokinase 76. With insufficient blood circulation during the period of intense muscle work, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles as a result of anaerobic glycolysis. What is the fate of lactate? a. involved in gluconeogenesis in the liver b. excreted in the urine c. used in muscle for amino acid synthesis d. used by tissues to synthesize ketone bodies e. used in tissues for the synthesis of fatty acids 77. The specific enzymatic reaction of gluconeogenesis is the conversion of: a. glucose-6-phosphate to glucose b. glucose to galactose c. pyruvate to lactate d. fructose-1,6-diphosphate to triose e. citrate to isocitrate 78. The process linking the glucose-lactate cycle with gluconeogenesis: a. formation of lactate in muscles and its entry into hepatocytes for gluconeogenesis b. breakdown of glycogen to glucose and its conversion to lactate c. aerobic glucose oxidation and alcoholic fermentation d. oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria with glycolysis in the cytoplasm e. metabolism of carbohydrates with fat metabolism 79. On the path of gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is converted into the substrate: a. malate b. alpha-ketoglutarate c. enolpyruvate d. citrate e. 3-phosphog lycerate 80. Allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase is: a. fructose-2,6 bisphosphate b. fructose 6-phosphate c. fructose-1,6 bisphosphate d. glucose-6-phosphate e. glucose 81. A large number of glucose oxidation metabolites are dissolved in the cytoplasm of myocytes. Name one of them that is directly converted to lactate: a. pyruvate b. oxaloacetate c. glycerophosphate d. glucose-6-phosphate e. fructose-6-phosphate 82. Choose an enzyme involved in the formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen: a. phosphorylase b. amylase c. hexokinase d. phosphoglucoisomerase e. phosphoglucomutase 83. The key enzymes of glycogen metabolism are: a. glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase b. glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase c. glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase d. phosphoglucomutase, glycogen synthase e. glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase 84. Indicate the biological role of glycogen mobilization in the liver: a. maintains blood glucose concentration between meals b. occurs with the energy consumption of ATP and UTP c. accelerates with prolonged (more than a day) fasting d. includes the reaction: oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate e. allosterically activated at rest by AMP and H3PO4 85. An enzyme involved in the activation of glycogen synthase: a. phosphoprotein phosphatase b. glucose-6-phosphatase c. glycogen phosphorylase d. phosphorylazkinase e. alpha -1,6-glycosidase 86. An enzyme involved in the catalysis of the reaction: Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose-1- phosphate: a. phosphoglucomutase b. alpha-1,6-glycosidase c. glycogen phosphorylase d. transferase e. aldolase 87. Name the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds: a. amylo-1,4 → 1,6-glucosyltransferase b. glycogen synthase c. glycosyltransferase d. phosphoglumutase e. alpha-1,6-glucosidase 88. Indicate an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucose in glycogen synthesis: a. UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase b. hexokinase c. phosphoglucomutase d. glucokinase e. hexose-1-phosphaturidyltransferase 89. The enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of glycogen: a. hexokinase, UDP-glucoprophosphorylase, glycogen synthase b. galactose-1-phosphaturidyltransferase, glycogenensitase, phosphoglucomutase c. glucose-6-phosphatase, UDP-glucoprophosphorylase, glycogen synthase d. UDP-glucuronyltransferase, glycogenensitase, phosphoglucomutase e. UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase 90. An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two phosphotrioses: a. aldolase b. hexokinase c. phosphofructokinase d. triosephosphate isomerase e. enolase 91. In the liver, alanine is used for: a. gluconeogenesis b. neutralization c. Cori cycle d. conjugation e. amination 92. The transport of lipids by blood and lymph is carried out by: a. lipoproteins b. albumin c. in conjugated form d. steroids e. acyltransferase 93. Immature chylomicrons are synthesized in: a. enterocytes b. blood c. liver d. adipocytes e. gallbladder 94. The enzyme triacylglycerol lipase is activated by hormones: a. glucagon, epinephrine b. glucagon, insulin c. ep inephrine, insulin d. insulin, estrogen e. cortisol, glucagon 95. The substrate for hormone-sensitive TAG-lipase is: a. fats deposited in adipocytes b. 2-MAG c. dietary TAG d. lipoproteins e. free fatty acids deposited in adipocytes 96. Name the enzyme that hydrolyzes fats in chylomicrons: a. lipoprotein lipase b. TAG lipase c. colipase d. pancreatic lipase e. esterase 97. The amount of ATP formed during the complete beta-oxidation of palmitic acid (summary of the energy yield from the oxidation of palmitoyl coenzyme A): a. 130 b. 36 c. 12 d. 24 e. 90 98. The substrate for the synthesis of fatty acids is: a. acetyl-CoA b. pyruvate c. glycerol d. glycerol-3-phosphate e. malonyl-CoA 99. Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase is a regulatory enzyme synthesis of: a. fatty acids b. bile acids c. 2-MAG d. TAG e. acetyl-CoA 100. Mobilization of fat occurs mainly under the action of a hormone: a. glucagon and adrenaline b. insulin c. glucagon d. insulin and glucagon e. adrenaline