Revision Organic Chemistry 10th Grade PDF

Revision: Organic Chemistry 1. Organic Compounds Composition Carbon C – all organic compounds are carbon compounds Hydrogen Н Oxygen О Nitrogen N Sulfur S Phosphorus Р & some more… 2. Features of Carbon Atoms The carbon atom is excited 𝐸 C ՜ C*...

Revision: Organic Chemistry 1. Organic Compounds Composition Carbon C – all organic compounds are carbon compounds Hydrogen Н Oxygen О Nitrogen N Sulfur S Phosphorus Р & some more… 2. Features of Carbon Atoms The carbon atom is excited 𝐸 C ՜ C* ground state excited state Always forms 4 bonds Carbon atoms bond to one another and form chains Covalent bonds with a different multiplicity can be formed: single, double & triple. 3. Types of Carbon Atoms Primary (1) Secondary (2) Tertiary (3) Quaternary (4) 4. Types of carbon chains Open (acyclic) Straight (no branches) Branched Cyclic With no branches Branched 5. Isomers Organic molecules with: The same qualitative composition The same quantitative composition The same molecular formula The same M (molar mass) Different properties 6. Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons Homologous series Isomerism Chemical Properties C3H8 + O2 CH4 + Cl2 Application, occurrence 7. Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Homologous series Isomerism Chemical Properties Combustion vs. oxidation: + O2 Addition reactions (C=C ՜ C–C): + H2, H2O, Cl2, HCl, polymerization Production of ethene: dehydration of ethane/ethanol Application 8. Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons Homologous series, structure Isomerism Chemical Properties Combustion vs. oxidation: + O2 Addition reactions (C=C ՜ C–C): + H2, Cl2, HCl, H2O (Kucherov reaction), trimerization Production of ethyne Application 9. Arenes Benzene – cyclic hydrocarbons with a delocalized bond Homologues – alkylbenzenes Structure Chemical Properties Substitution reactions: + Cl2, c. HNO3, c. H2SO4 Addition reactions (harsh conditions): + H2, Cl2 Combustion Production of benzene: trimerization, dehydrocyclization Application 10. Alcohols (alkanols) Structure, composition: –OH (hydroxyl group) CH3–CH2՜Oδ-←Hδ+ Hydrogen bonds Chemical properties Acidic properties: + active metals Esterification: + acids Combustion, dehydration Production, application Homologous series, isomers 11. Polyols Examples – ethylene glycol, glycerol Chemical properties + Na + HNO3 + freshly precipitated Cu(OH)2 + O2 (combustion) Production – saponification Application 12. Phenols Hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons Structure ՜ substitution reactions Chemical properties Dissociation 2 + base + Na 4 6 + Br2(aq) + HNO3 Application 13. Aldehydes and Ketones Carbonyl group: –CHO (aldehydes), –C=O (ketones) Names – suffix –al for aldehydes, –one for ketones Chemical properties Addition reactions: + H2 Oxidation: aldehydes + Ag2O, ketones + Cu(OH)2 Combustion Application 14. Carboxylic Acids Carbonyl group – consists of hydroxyl & carbonyl group Structure, H bonds Chemical properties Acidic properties: dissociation, + Na, + basic oxides, + bases, + salts of weaker acids Esterification: + alcohols Combustion: + O2 Application 15. Amines Derived from ammonia (NH3): amino group –NH2 Structure – lone electron pair and partially negative charge of Nitrogen – basic properties Chemical properties Basic properties: + HCl Reactions in the aromatic ring of aniline: + Br2 Amino acids, amide/peptide group