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10 Science Quarter 1 - Module 1 Plate Tectonics 1|Page Quarter 1 – Module 1: Plate Tectonics Second Edition, Revised 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, EdD Development Team of the Module Writer: Bonnie James A. Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science HS Content Editors: Dr. Deogenes R. Adoptante, Principal I, Mambaling National HS Mrs. Arnolfa A. Demellites, Principal I, Guba National HS Language Editor: Mrs. Wilma Y. Villaflor, Principal III , Don Vicente Rama Mem. ES Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS – Science Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS – LRMDS Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education Division of Cebu City ROVII Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City Telephone Nos: (032) 255-1516 / (032)253-9095, E-mail Address: [email protected] 2|Page Lesson The Theory of 1 Plate Tectonics What I Need to Know This module is based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) for Science 10, Quarter 1 for Weeks 1 to 3. Learning Competency: “Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to the Plate Tectonic Theory” At the end of this module, you are expected accomplish the following specific learning objectives unpacked from the competency: 1. Locate where earthquakes epicenters are recorded 2. Locate where volcanoes are found 3. Locate where mountain belts are found 4. Describe what the plate tectonic theory tells us about the lithosphere of the Earth. 5. Locate and identify tectonic plates 6. Relate the location of earthquake epicenters, volcanoes and mountains to the plate tectonic theory What I Know PRE-ASSESSMENT: Please answer the pre-test before proceeding. Write the letter corresponding to the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1) Which of the following is NOT a sub-layer of the mantle? A. Asthenosphere C. lower mantle (mesosphere) B. Mohorovicic discontinuity D. outermost rigid mantle layer 2) Which makes up the Earth’s lithosphere? A. uppermost solid mantle and crust B. soil layer and the porous rock layer C. continental crust and oceanic crust D. oceans and continental landmasses 3) What theory states that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into segments called plates? A. hotspot theory C. continental drift theory B. plate tectonic theory D. seafloor spreading theory 3|Page 4) How many MAJOR segments are there in the Earth’s lithosphere? A. eight B. nine C. seven D. six 5) Where are most earthquake epicenters, volcanoes and mountain belts found? A. far away from tectonic plate boundaries B. along or near the tectonic plate boundaries C. at the center of most continental landmasses D. at the oceans in between tectonic plate boundaries 6) Which of the following is NOT a minor tectonic plate? A. African plate B. Caribbean plate C. Nazca plate D. Philippine plate 7) The asthenosphere sublayer of the mantle is said to have some plasticity. What does this mean? A. This layer is very rigid and does not flow or move. B. Organic substances compose the majority of this layer. C. The temperature of this layer is cooler than those above it. D. Materials in this layer are partially melted and flow like a fluid. 8) Which plate tectonic boundary is nearest to the Philippines? A. Pacific plate – Philippine plate boundary B. Eurasian plate – Philippine plate boundary C. Philippine plate – Australian plate boundary D. Philippine plate – North American plate boundary 9) Which of the following is NOT a basis for identifying where the boundaries between tectonic plates lie? A. location of volcanoes B. where mountain ranges are located C. distribution of earthquake epicenters D. temperature difference on Earth’s surface 10) What can be inferred about the Philippines based on its location in relation to the tectonic plates? A. There are a lot of earthquakes and volcanism. B. There is very minimal earthquakes and volcanism. C. There are a lot of earthquakes but minimal volcanism. D. There are a lot of volcanisms but minimal earthquakes. 11) The Pacific Ring of Fire refers to the edges of the Pacific Ocean where a lot of volcanoes and earthquakes happen. Which tectonic plates share boundaries with these edges? I. Eurasian plate II. North American plate III. Australian plate A. I and II only B. II only C. I and III only D. I, II and III 12) What tectonic plate includes majority of the landmasses of the South East Asia? A. Eurasian plate B. Indian plate C. Pacific plate D. Philippine plate 13) Which small tectonic plate is located directly below the South American plate on the map? A. Cocos plate B. Caribbean plate C. Indian plate D. Scotia plate 14) Where is it LEAST prone to earthquake tremors? A. areas sitting on the plate boundaries C. at the center of a tectonic plate B. countries near tectonic plate boundaries D. on the edges of tectonic plates 4|Page 15) There are twenty-two (22) active volcanoes in the Philippines. Australia on the other hand has none. Why is this the case? It is because the Philippines ______________ while Australia ____________________. A. is near the equator, is far from the equator B. has a lot of earthquakes, has a lot of mountains C. is part of a smaller plate, is part of a major tectonic plate D. is near a plate boundary, is at the center of a tectonic plate What’s In Since the topics of earthquakes and volcanoes were already discussed in Grades 8 and 9, I am confident that you can do this review task without any problem. Identify the correct concept as defined. Ring of Fire Epicenter Earthquake Magma Volcano Epicent __________1. A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great er destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. __________2. A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. __________3. Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. __________4. The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. __________5. A major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. What’s New Activity 1: Tectonic Plate Boundaries, Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Mountain Belts According to the Tectonic Plate Theory, the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into segments called tectonic plates. Crucial to the conceptualization of these plates are data from earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain belts. On this activity we will find out how the location of earthquake epicenters, volcanoes and mountain belts are related to the location of the tectonic plates. Instructions: Examine the maps on the next four pages and accomplish the tasks written after. 5|Page The tectonic plates dividing the Earth’s lithosphere are shown to have boundaries illustrated in the map below. Each line is a border between two different tectonic plates. Map 1: Boundaries between tectonic plates 6|Page Now, let’s take a look at the earthquake epicenters that we have detected in the recent years. Each dot on the map represents an earthquake epicenter. Map 2: Recorded earthquake epicenters in recent history 7|Page How about volcanoes? Where do we find them? The map below gives us their locations. Each triangle pinpoints a known volcano. Map 3: Location of volcanoes on the surface of the Earth 8|Page Finally, let us observe the mountain belts of the world. They are shown by the map below. The areas colored in white are regions where we find the fold mountains of these belts. Map 4: Mountain belts of the world 9|Page TASKS: 1) Recreate the distribution of recorded earthquake epicenters, volcanoes, and mountain belts into map number 1. Mark the approximate location of earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain belts shown on the other maps directly into the locations on map 1. To distinguish among earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain belts, use different colors of ink for each. 2) Examine the result of your work from the above instruction. Which of these observations were you able to see? Write a checkmark “√” if you agree and an “X” if you disagree. Agree or Observation Disagree Earthquakes are likely to happen far away from volcanoes. Most volcanoes are near or along the tectonic plate boundaries. The mountain belts are at the center of the tectonic plates. Epicenters of earthquakes are randomly distributed. They DO NOT form a pattern. Locations of volcanoes, mountains, and earthquakes are related to plate tectonic boundaries. Conclusion: How are earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain belts distributed in relation to the location of the tectonic plates and their boundaries? What is it The activity above further shows that earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain belts are related to each other because they follow the same pattern – they mostly occur near or along the boundaries of the tectonic plates. But what are tectonic plates? Plate Tectonic Theory Let us recall that the layers of the Earth are as follows – Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle and Crust. To elaborate on this, the mantle is further divided into 3 parts: uppermost solid mantle, asthenosphere and lower mantle (mesosphere). The uppermost solid mantle is rigid but the asthenosphere has some plasticity - meaning it is solid but is partially melted and therefore flows very slowly like a liquid. 10 | P a g e Although the uppermost mantle is of different composition from the crust, together they form a mechanical layer called the lithosphere. The major concept explained by the Plate Tectonic Theory is that the Earth’s lithosphere is fragmented into several segments called tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are “floating” above the asthenosphere which has a fluid-like nature. Each lithospheric segment share borders with other plates. We call these borders tectonic plate boundaries. How do we know where the tectonic plate boundaries lie? In module 3, you will learn that the theory of plate tectonics explains how earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain belts are formed. In fact, it predicts that most of the tectonic activities should occur near or along the boundaries between tectonic plates. All the scientists had to do was plot out where these activities occur and collectively, they traced out the boundaries. Recently, modern technologies like Global Positioning System (GPS) and satellites are able to confirm the locations of the borders of these plates by observing the slight movements of the plates over time. What’s More Activity 2: Names and Locations of Tectonics Plates The biggest segments of the Earth’s lithosphere are called the 7 major tectonic plates. These are the African plate, Eurasian plate, Australian plate, North American Plate, South American plate, Antarctic plate and Pacific plate. As you can tell, these were named after an ocean or continent or a big landmass that is part of the plate. With a background on geography, research from a world map or help from your parents, you should be able to identify these easily. There are also minor plates that are smaller. The location of each is described below: 1) Nazca plate – the biggest plate in between the South American and Pacific plates 2) Philippine plate – between the Pacific and Eurasian plates 3) Scotia plate – a small plate underneath the South American plate 4) Indian plate – includes the subcontinent and country of India 5) Arabian plate – shares borders with the African, Indian and Eurasian plates 6) Cocos plate – shares borders with the Pacific, Nazca and North American and Caribbean plates 7) Caribbean plate – shares borders with the Nazca, North American, South American and Cocos plate Do you think you can locate all of the seven major and seven minor tectonic plates of the Earth on the map? 11 | P a g e Task: Given what you have learned above, draw the plate boundaries and label each major and minor plate with its correct name. Use the map below. 12 | P a g e What I Have Learned To summarize what you have learned, complete the following sentences: 1) The Earth’s surface has a mechanical layer called the ________. It is made up of the _________ and the _________ of the mantle. This mechanical layer is “floating” above the semi-melted layer of the mantle referred to as the ___________. 2) The lithosphere is fragmented into several segments called __________. 3) A great majority of earthquake epicenters are found ______________. 4) Most volcanoes are located _______________________. 5) Mountain ranges are located _________________. 6) The boundaries between tectonic plates are drawn on the map based on information and data gathered from a. ______________ b. ______________ c. ______________ d. ______________ What I Can Do Let’s make these concepts closer to home: The Philippines – its location with respect to the tectonic plates Locate the Philippines in the world map in relation to where the lithospheric plates and tectonic boundaries are. Answer the following questions: 1) What major and minor tectonic plates are near the Philippines? 2) On which tectonic plate are majority of the Philippine Islands located? 3) Is the Philippines near a tectonic plate boundary? What tectonic plate boundary is this? 4) What does the answer in question number 3 tell us about earthquakes and volcanoes in the country? 5) Why is this information relevant to us as citizens of the Philippines? Assessment It’s time to check what you have learned! Select the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 13 | P a g e 1) What does the Plate Tectonic Theory explain about the lithosphere of the Earth? A. It is fragmented into several segments B. The lithosphere is rotating around the mantle C. The lithosphere is not rigid and therefore flows like a fluid D. It is one whole integrated system that floats on top of the mantle 2) How many MAJOR tectonic plates are there in the Earth’s lithosphere? A. eight B. nine C. seven D. six 3) Which of the following are sub-components of the mantle? I. Asthenosphere II. Lower Mantle (Mesosphere) III. Outermost rigid mantle layer A. I and II B. II and III C. I and III D. I, II and III 4) What layer of the Earth is made up of the crust and the uppermost mantle? A. Lithosphere C. Continental crust B. Mantle D. Tectonic Plate boundary 5) Which geologic activities are found near or along tectonic plate boundaries? I. Volcanism II. Earthquakes III Mountains A. I and II only C. I, II and III B. II and III only D. None of them 6) What can be traced when volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges are marked on the map? A. places where archipelagos exist B. countries with thin oceanic crust C. boundaries between tectonic plates D. areas prone to typhoons and storms 7) Which of these observations indicates that the Philippines has active volcanoes and a high frequency of earthquakes? a. The Philippines is near a big body of water. b. The country is far from a tectonic plate boundary. c. The country is near the boundary of two tectonic plates. d. The Philippines is located at the center of a tectonic plate. 8) What type of a tectonic plate is the Scotia plate? a. major plate C. microplate b. minor plate D. it is not a plate 9) What property is referred to as the ability of partially melted solid to flow like a liquid? c. Plasticity C. Flammability d. Viscosity D. Thickness 10) Where can we find the Philippines in reference to the Eurasian plate – Philippine plate boundary? e. The country is very far away from it f. The country is very near this boundary g. The Philippines is above the boundary itself h. The Philippines is where this boundary ends 14 | P a g e 11) Which major tectonic plate is located directly above the Scotia plate on the map? A. African plate C. North American plate B. Eurasian plate D. South American plate 12) Which location experiences less earthquakes? A. countries near tectonic plate boundaries B. areas sitting on the plate boundaries C. on the center of a tectonic plate D. on the edges of tectonic plates 13) Australia does not have a single volcano that is active for thousands of years. What could be the reason for this? A. the size of its landmass B. its location within the tectonic plate C. the frequency of earthquakes in the country D. its lithosphere composition is different from others 14) The Ring of Fire is an area located at the edges of an ocean. There are a lot of volcanoes and earthquakes in this area. Which tectonic plate do most of these edges belong to? A. Arabian plate C. African plate B. Pacific plate D. South American plate 15) Which of the following countries is NOT part of the Eurasian plate? A. Australia C. Indonesia B. Philippines D. Malaysia Additional Activities The activities below are only supplemental. If you have internet access, you may visit these sites. 1) Interactive Earth – a digital globe where the tectonic plates and corresponding boundaries are shown in 3 dimensions. Visit the link (https://rb.gy/7xfpre) and click on “Plate Tectonics”. Can you locate all the major and minor tectonic plates? 2) Google Earth – interactive display of the 10 000 years of volcanoes Visit the link (https://earth.google.com) and click on “Launch Earth”. Use the search box and type “years of volcanoes” and click on the first result. What tectonic plate boundaries can you make out from the location of volcanoes? 15 | P a g e Answer Key 16 | P a g e 17 | P a g e References Books: SCIENCE 10 Learner’s Module, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines SCIENCE 10 Teacher’s Guide, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines Images: 2020. Thoughtco.Com. https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/svxQG0M4JTAT0ijlLtSZkrdkO- Q=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/tect onic-plates--812085686-6fa6768e183f48089901c347962241ff.jpg [accessed 24 Jul, 2020] Extending the Collapse Time of Non-Engineered Masonry Buildings Under Seismic Loading - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Earthquake-epicenters-in-world-from- 1963-to-1998-1_fig1_228502924 [accessed 24 Jul, 2020] Visionlearning.com. 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 July 2020] 2020. I.Pinimg.Com. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/52/da/d9/52dad979c6fad1768bdf445da57550aa. png [accessed 24 Jul, 2020] "Tectonic". 2020. D3tt741pwxqwm0.Cloudfront.Net. http://d3tt741pwxqwm0.cloudfront.net/WGBH/conv16/conv16-int- tectonic/index.html [accessed 24 Jul, 2020] 2020. I.Pinimg.Com. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0e/83/b0/0e83b01b403a041230299a61ac7bbc2f. jpg [accessed 24 Jul, 2020] 18 | P a g e For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address: Imus Road, Cebu City Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032)253-9095 E-mail Address : [email protected] 19 | P a g e

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