Principles of Growth and Development PDF

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT By: Aileene Mendoza, RN, MAN OBJECTIVES: Describe principles of growth & development & developmental stages according to major theorists. Assess a child to determine if a stage of development has been achieved. Indentify expected o...

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT By: Aileene Mendoza, RN, MAN OBJECTIVES: Describe principles of growth & development & developmental stages according to major theorists. Assess a child to determine if a stage of development has been achieved. Indentify expected outcomes for a growing child as well as how to manage seamless transitions across differing health care settings.  ASSESSMENT: GROWTH –increase in physical size –measures as height, weight, head circumference. –Quantitative Change  DEVELOPMENT - progression towards maturity in mental, physical, and social markers of normal development. - means MATURATION - Qualitative Change  DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE - Major makers of normal growth and development. DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS –skills/growth resposibility arising from at a particular time –achievement = accomplishment of future tasks.  NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Risk for delayed growth and dev't related to lack of age- appropriate toys and activities. Delayed growth and development r/t prolonged illness. Rediness for enhanced family coping r/t parents seeking information about a child's growth and dev't. Health-seeking behaviors r/t appropriate stimulation for infants. Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements r/t parental knowledge deficit regarding a child's protein needs. Deficient knowledge r/t potential long-term effects of obesity in the school-age child. GENERAL PRINCIPLES: 1. Growth and dev't are continuous processes from conception until death. 2. Growth and dev't proceed in an orderly sequence. 3. Children pass through the predictable stages at different rates. 4. All body systems do not develop at the same rate. 5. Development is cephalocaudal. 6. Developement proceeds from proximal to distal body parts. 7. Developement proceeds from gross to refined. 8. There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences or learning. 9. Neonate reflexes must be lost before development can proceed. 10. A great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice. BASIC DIVISION OF CHILDHOOD: ? THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 2. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 3. MORAL DEVELOPMENT 4. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Psychoanalytic/ Psychosexual Theory SIGMUND FREUD Behavior as being the result of instinctual drives of a primarily sexual nature (libido). sexual gratification becomes focused on a particular body part at each stage.  QUESTION ??? What should members of the nurse's interprofessional team recognize when caring for Ana, 6 years old according to Freud? A. It's important for parents to teach children creativity during this time. B. Children develop their moral compass and spirituality during school-age years. C. Freud saw the school-age period as a largely latent or inactive period. D. Every school-age child needs responsibilities in order to learn trust and integrity.  Psychosocial Theory ERIK ERIKSON culture & society is important in development of a personality two opposing forces --> resolution leads to accomplishment of developmental task --> next phase. ERIKSON'S STAGES OF CHILDHOOD ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY  QUESTION ??? Anna, who is 6 years old, school-age child. According to Erikson, the nurse should identify which developmental task to integrate health promotion activities with during this period? A. How to be creative B. How to think abstractly C. How to trust others D. How to do things well  Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget the way children learn, think and understand experiences 4 stages that progresses from one period to the next until bringing them closer to adult thinking. PIAGET'S COGNITIVE DEV'T THEORY  QUESTION ??? Anna, who is 6 years old, says her broken leg wants to get better. When choosing an accurate and emphatic response, the nurse should be aware Anna is using what form of cognition? A. Magical thinking B. Deductive reasoning C. Concrete operational thinking D. Sensorial thought Moral Development Theory Lawrence Kohlberg (1984) develop inorder to know the way children gain knowledge of right and wrong or moral reasoning. helps determine whether children can be depended on to carry out self-care activities. KOHLBERG'S STAGES OF CHILDHOOD HOW DOES A CHILD LEARN??? SUMMARY: Knowledge of growth and development is important in health promotion and illness prevention because it lays the basis for assessments and anticipatory guidance. Freud's psychoanalytic/psychosexual theory and Erikson's psychosocial development describes specific tasks children must complete at each stage of development to become a well-adapted adult.  Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes ways children learn. Kohlberg advanced a theory of moral development or how children use moral reasoning to solve problems. Although growth and development occur in known patterns, the rate that a child develops and grows varies from child to child.