Principles Of Ethical Reasoning Biomechanical Engineering PDF

INTRODUCTION LECTURE “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (1) 11 OCTOBER 2023 PR...

INTRODUCTION LECTURE “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (1) 11 OCTOBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER Man of Glass, 1935 (Museum of Science, Buffalo) PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER historian, focus on 19th and 20th century director of “History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine” department recent research projects: history of cancer, history of child adoption, history of emotions Contact: [email protected] Please don’t hesitate to write! 2 MOODLE COURSE https://elearning.ovgu.de/course/view.php?id=15446 3 INTERACTIVE LECTURE 4 INTERACTIVE LECTURE 5 INTERACTIVE LECTURE  Please ask whenever you have a question.  Participation tasks include: quizzes and surveys exercises in groups individual exercises 6 WRITTEN EXAM  31 January 2024, 12:00 to 1:30 pm  Where? House 50, room H3  50% multiple choice, 50% other writing exercises  based on the lecture and the seminar sessions 7 Questions? 8  Lecture series “History and Ethics of Medicine and Medical Technology” 9 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL REASONING LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (1) 11 OCTOBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER ETHICS IN MEDICINE AND ENGINEERING LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (2) 18 OCTOBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER RESPONSIBILITY, TA, AND ETHICS IN ENGINEERING LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (3) 25 OCTOBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER CYBORGS IN LITERATURE AND FILM LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (4) 1 NOVEMBER 2023 PROF. DR. EVA BRINKSCHULTE THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (5) 8 NOVEMBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER PROSTHETICS: WAR, WORK, AND INTEGRATION LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (6) 22 NOVEMBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER DIS/ABILITY: HISTORY AND ETHICS OF DEAFNESS LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (7) 29 NOVEMBER 2023 PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER TODAY’S AGENDA 17  1. BASICS AND TERMINOLOGY 18 WHAT COMES TO MIND WHEN YOU THINK OF ETHICS? 19 EDUVOTE  Participation does not require registration and is anonymous.  Please go to www.vote.ac and enter in the ID field [email protected] or use the QR-Code below.  Press “vote” when you are finished. 20 ETHICS: ASSOCIATIONS ID = [email protected] Vote has not been started yet 21 TERMINOLOGY: CLARIFICATIONS morality = ethics ? 22 ETHICS VERSUS MORALITY / MORAL CODE ethics: theory of / principles behind morality / moral codes ethics: justify and critically reflect on morality morality / moral code: norms and rules that are accepted in a given group / “unwritten laws” 23 TERMINOLOGY: CLARIFICATIONS ethics morality law  morality What is morally good behavior?  law temporarily fixed morality, system of rules valid for all members of a group or society  ethics theory of and reflection on morality 24 HOW TO DECIDE?  What can we do? (expert knowledge)  What are we allowed / required to do? (law)  What should we do? (morality) 25  ethics normative descriptive metaethics moral applied philosophy ethics political ethics in ethics in research ethics and ethics healthcare engineering ethics environment ethics in ethics in care ethics biomechanical medicine engineering 26 3 TYPES OF ETHICAL REASONING Virtue Ethics Ethics Deontology Utilitarianism 27  2. VIRTUE ETHICS 28 VIRTUE ETHICS … focusses on the agent and their character What constitutes a morally good person? What attributes and virtues should this person have? … ethics of being as opposed to ethics of doing 29 TYPE 1: VIRTUE ETHICS A virtue is an excellent trait of character. It is a disposition, well entrenched in its possessor—something that, as we say, goes all the way down, unlike a habit such as being a tea-drinker […] An honest person cannot be identified simply as one who, for example, practices honest dealing and does not cheat. If such actions are done merely because the agent thinks that honesty is the best policy, or because they fear being caught out, rather than through recognising “To do otherwise would be dishonest” as the relevant reason, they are not the actions of an honest person. […] The honest person recognises “That would be a lie” as a strong (though perhaps not overriding) reason for not making certain statements in certain circumstances, and gives due, but not overriding, weight to “That would be the truth” as a reason for making them. Hursthouse, Rosalind and Glen Pettigrove, “Virtue Ethics,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/ethics-virtue/ (last accessed: October 9, 2023). 30 VIRTUE ETHICS … has manifold origins in history.  Greek antiquity: Aristotle, Plato  Confucianism  Buddhism 31 VIRTUE ETHICS IN GREEK ANTIQUITY  Aristotle(384-322 BCE)  highest good: eudaimonia  from: eû (“good, well”) and daímōn (“dispenser, tutelary spirit”) Copy of the Imperial era (1st or 2nd century) of a lost bronze sculpture made by Lysippos https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvr e.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 32 WHAT IS EUDAIMONIA? Verbally there is a very general agreement; for both the general run of men and people of superior refinement say that it is [eudaimonia], and identify living well and faring well with being happy; but with regard to what [eudaimonia] is they differ, and the many do not give the same account as the wise. For the former think it is some plain and obvious thing like pleasure, wealth or honour... Nicomachean Ethics, §21; 1095a15–22. 33 VIRTUE ETHICS: ARISTOTLE attainment of excellence (areté) in reason  on 2 levels moral virtues intellectual virtues Copy of the Imperial era (1st or 2nd century) of a lost bronze sculpture made by Lysippos https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvr e.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 34 VIRTUE ETHICS IN GREEK ANTIQUITY 4 moral virtues  prudence  temperance  courage  justice Copy of the Imperial era (1st or 2nd century) of a lost bronze sculpture made by Lysippos https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvr e.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 353 5 VIRTUE ETHICS golden mean between two extremes: recklessness – courage – cowardice 36 VIRTUE ETHICS IN GREEK ANTIQUITY 5 intellectual virtues  wisdom (sophia)  scientific knowledge (episteme)  rational intuition (nous)  practical wisdom (phronesis)  craft knowledge (techne) Copy of the Imperial era (1st or 2nd century) of a lost bronze sculpture made by Lysippos https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvr e.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 373 7 VIRTUE ETHICS IN CONFUCIANISM  Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子 = Master Kong, circa 551-circa 479 BCE) ideal of dao: the way to follow focus on self-cultivation and moral exemplars realization of virtues always in relationships The teaching Confucius. Portrait by Wu Daozi, 685-758, Tang Dynasty: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_D ynasty.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 38 CONFUCIAN VIRTUE ETHICS … if you lead people with virtues and make them obedient with rituals, they will have a sense of shame and will become good. Confucius, Analects 2:3 FN2 39 VIRTUE ETHICS IN CONFUCIANISM 5 cardinal virtues  benevolence (rén)  righteousness(yì) propriety (li)  wisdom / knowledge (zhi) fidelity / integrity (xin) 40 VIRTUE ETHICS IN BUDDHISM Can Buddhism be considered a form of virtue ethics? Seated Buddha, circa 475, Sarnath Museum (India): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnat h_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg (last accessed: 21.07.2023) 41 VIRTUE ETHICS IN BUDDHISM  saṃskāras = mental disposition, habits, tendencies Moral action has a transformative effect upon the actor and thus on saṃskāras. Seated Buddha, circa 475, Sarnath Museum (India): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnat h_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg (last access: July 21, 2023) 42 BUDDHIST VIRTUE ETHICS If I become a virtuous person by performing virtuous deeds, and if I perform virtuous deeds only when I seek to benefit others, then I cannot become a virtuous person by taking my own virtue as my central ethical goal. Charles K. Fink, ”The Cultivation of Virtue in Buddhist Ethics,” in: Journal of Buddhist Ethics 20 (2013), pp. 668-701, here: 672. 43 VIRTUE ETHICS IN BUDDHISM 3 main vices  greed (lobha)  hatred (dosa)  delusion or ignorance (moha) Seated Buddha, circa 475, Sarnath Museum (India): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnat h_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023) 44 VIRTUE ETHICS IN BUDDHISM 3 main virtues  non-greed (renunciation and generosity)  non-hatred (loving kindness and compassion)  non-delusion (wisdom) Seated Buddha, circa 475, Sarnath Museum (India): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnat h_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg (last access: July 21, 2023) 45 VIRTUE ETHICS: CRITICISM Virtue ethics  often doesn’t consider the effects of actions  problematic in societies with various, potentially conflicting virtue systems 46 VIRTUE ETHICS TODAY Virtues are … … ideally suited for adaptation to the open- ended and varied encounters with particular technologies that will shape the human condition in this and coming centuries. Shannon Valor, Technology and the Virtues: A Philosophical Guide to a Future Worth Wanting, Oxford: OUP, 2016, p. 33. 47 VIRTUE ETHICS TODAY Technomoral virtues (Shannon Valor)  combine Aristotelian, Confucian, and Buddhist concepts (“conceptual resonances”)  core virtue: moral self-cultivation = constant practice of reflecting on moral issues related to technology 48 VIRTUE ETHICS: RESOURCES Videos Dr. Shannon Valor Explains “Virtue Ethics and Technomoral Futures,” Podcast Tech on Earth, Episode 4, June 2, 2022: https://techethicslab.nd.edu/news/dr-shannon-vallor-explains-virtue- ethics-and-technomoral-futures-on-lab-podcast/ (30:47 min.) Short Recap: “What is Virtue Ethics?” Podcast Series by Language and Ideas, May 19, 2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOiSfufItA4 (2:58 min.) 49 SHORT QUIZ What do you remember? 50 TODAY’S AGENDA 51  3. DEONTOLOGY 52 DEONTOLOGY deon (Greek) = duty, obligation  primarily concerned with generally applicable norms and rules  actions are allowed or prohibited according to these norms  effects and consequences shouldn’t be taken into consideration (even if undesired) 53 TEN COMMANDMENTS: ANCIENT FORM OF DEONTOLOGY Thou shall not kill. Moses Showing the Tables of the Law to the People, oil painting by Rembrandt, 1659; in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. 54 KANTIAN DEONTOLOGY Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Every human being seeks happiness, but ideas of happiness are much too diverse to provide a guideline for moral action. Johann Gottlieb Becker, Immanuel Kant, 1768 (Schiller- Nationalmuseum, Marbach am Neckar): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kant_gemaelde_3.jpg (last accessed: July 21, 2023). 55 CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE (KANT) Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Cambridge Edition, trans. Mary J. Gregor, AA 4: 421. 56 HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF (KANT) So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Cambridge Edition, trans. Mary J. Gregor, AA 4: 429. 57 DEONTOLOGY: CRITICISM  dogmatic defense of principles without taking specific situations and outcomes into consideration  no solution for conflicting norms 58 TODAY’S AGENDA 59  4. TELEOLOGY AND UTILITARIANISM 60 TELEOLOGY Telos (Greek) = goal, aim, end The effects of actions are decisive in determining whether an action is morally good or bad. 61 JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)  English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer  opponent of slavery, capital and physical punishment  early advocate of animal rights Jeremy Bentham, Detail of an oil painting by H.W. Pickersgill, 1829; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. 626 2 JEREMY BENTHAM: UTILITARIANISM  Human nature: Humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness.  Human beings seek to achieve happiness. Jeremy Bentham, Detail of an oil painting by H.W. Pickersgill, 1829; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. 636 3 FUNDAMENTAL AXIOM OF UTILITARIANISM It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong. Jeremy Bentham, A Fragment on Government, 1776, Preface, 2nd paragraph. 64 UTILITARIANISM IS …  always oriented towards society  does not distinguish between people according to ethnic origin, age, gender, or state of health  treats all sentient beings as equal (no distinction between animals and human beings)  is future-oriented and thus technology savvy  considers the welfare of future generations by asking about the consequences of an action 65 UTILITARIANISM: CRITICISM  happiness is not quantifiable  majority may disregard rights of minorities  all means are permitted if it serves the benefit of the greater number  If the outcome is worse than expected, is the action still ethical? 66 UTILITARIANISM TODAY: PETER SINGER (*1946)  Australian moral philosopher, professor at Princeton very controversial figure Peter Singer, speaking at an Effective Altruism conference, Melbourne 2015 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Pet er_Singer_-_Effective_Altruism_- 676 7 Melb_Australia_Aug_2015.jpg (last access: July 20, 2023) PETER SINGER’S UTILITARIANISM  principle of equal consideration of interests  no fundamental rights that limit this consideration of interests  concept of personhood is tied to the capacity of holding preferences, to being rational and self-aware  there are humans who lack – in Singer’s perspective – personhood (for instance foetuses, people in a coma) 68 A DIFFICULT SITUATION TV series Dr. House, Season 1, Episode 4: “Maternity” 69 A DIFFICULT SITUATION Min. 14:10 – 15:40 70 A DIFFICULT SITUATION Please write an email to a friend who has also watched this episode. Discuss which ethical principle justifies Dr. House’s decision. Do you agree with his decision, or would you follow another form of ethical reasoning? 71 Next Session: 18 October 2023 ETHICS IN MEDICINE AND ENGINEERING LECTURE SERIES “HISTORY AND ETHICS OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY” (2) PROF. DR. BETTINA HITZER