Primary Recovery Drive Mechanisms PDF

[24PET413] Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery Revision of Primary recovery by Prof. Attia Attia Revision of Primary recovery  Oil Production Processes Primary Recovery Natural Flow...

[24PET413] Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery Revision of Primary recovery by Prof. Attia Attia Revision of Primary recovery  Oil Production Processes Primary Recovery Natural Flow Artificial Lift Secondary Recovery Gas Injection Water Flooding Tertiary Recovery (EOR) Conventional Methods Non-conventional Methods Thermal Non-thermal MEOR Methods Methods  Primary Secondary EOR Oil Production Rate Abandonment Time Time  Oil Recovery Processes Primary Recovery Secondary Recovery Tertiary Recovery IOR - IGR _ IHR - EOR - MEOR  Primary Recovery 1. Major reservoir drive mechanisms for oil and gas reservoirs 2. Typical production characteristics for the major drive mechanisms 3. Typical recovery factor ranges for the different drive mechanisms  Reservoir Energy Sources a. Liberation, expansion of solution gas b. Influx of aquifer water c. Expansion of reservoir rock d. Expansion of original reservoir fluids 1. Free gas 2. Interstitial water 3. Oil, if present e. Gravitational forces  Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms Solution-gas drive Gas-cap drive Water drive Combination drive Gravity-drainage drive 12 Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs Oil-producing wells Oil A. Original Conditions Oil-producing wells B. 50% Depleted Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs Formation of a Secondary Gas Cap Wellbore Secondary gas cap  Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs Typical Production Characteristics 800 400 Oil production rate, STB/D 400 Gas/oil ratio, SCF/STB 600 300 Pressure, psia Gas/oil ratio 300 400 200 Reservoir 200 pressure 200 100 Oil production rate 100 0 0 0 Time, years Recovery = 5 to 30% of OOIP  Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs Reservoir pressure behavior Initial reservoir pressure Bubblepoint pressure 0 5 10 15 Oil recovery, % of OOIP  2. Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs Reservoir Type Oil producing well Expansion of gas cap Oil Oil zone Gas cap zone Cross Section Liberation and expansion of solution gas in the oil zone  Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs Typical Production Pressure, psia Characteristics 1300 Reservoir pressure 1200 1100 Gas/oil ratio, scf/STB 1000 900 800 Gas/oil ratio 600 Oil production rate, 400 2 200 MSTB/D 0 Oil 1 0 Time, years Recovery = 15 to 50% of OOIP  3. Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Reservoir type  Oil zone in communication with aquifer  Pure water drive reservoir has no original gas cap Main source(s) of reservoir energy  Influx of aquifer water Types of aquifer  Edge-water drive  Bottom-water drive Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs 3.1 Bottom water Drive Oil producing well Oil Zone Water Cross Section Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs 3.2 Edgewater Drive Oil producing well Oil Zone Water Water Cross Section  Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Typical Production Characteristics Pressure, psia 2300 Gas/oil ratio, MSCF/STB 2200 Reservoir pressure 2100 2000 Gas/oil ratio 2 1900 1 40 Water cut, % 0 30 Oil production rate, 100 Water 20 80 10 MSTB/D 60 0 Oil 40 20 0 Time, years Recovery = 30 to 60% of OOIP 4. Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs Gas cap Oil zone Water Cross Section 5. Gravity Drive Reservoir  Gravity Drainage in Oil Reservoirs Reservoir type Reservoir behavior characteristics Gas Gas Oil Gas Oil Point C Point B Oil Point A  Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends 100 Water dr ive 80 Reservoir pressure, Percent of original 60 Gas-cap drive 40 20 Solution -gas drive 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place Reservoir pressure trends Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends 5 Solution- gas drive 4 Gas-cap drive 3 2 1 Water drive 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place Gas/oil ratio trends  Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanisms  Volumetric reservoir (gas expansion drive)  Water drive 27  Average Recovery Factors Oil Reservoirs Average Oil Recovery Drive Mechanism Factors, % of OOIP Range Average Solution-gas drive 5 - 30 15 Gas-cap drive 15 - 50 30 Water drive 30 - 60 40 Gravity-drainage 16 - 85 50 drive  Average Recovery Factors Gas Reservoirs Average Gas Recovery Drive Mechanism Factors, % of OGIP Range Average Volumetric reservoir 70 - 90 80 (Gas expansion drive) Water drive 35 - 65 50  Estimating Oil Recovery Factors Solution-gas drive - API study   1  S  0.1611  k 0.0979 ER  41.8  wi     Bob    ob  0.1741  pb  Swi  0.3722     pa    Estimating Oil Recovery Factors Water drive - API study   1  S  0.0422  k 0.0770 ER  54.9  wi   w  Boi   oi  0.2159   pi  Swi  0.1903   pa    Estimating Oil Recovery Factors Water drive - Guthrie-Greenberger study ER  0.272 log10 k  0.256 Swi  0.136 log10 o  1.538   0.0003 h  0.114 Petrophysical Properties for Enhanced Oil Recovery