Philosophy PDF

 kandila Kung kailan mo pinatay, saka humaba ang buhay. What flies without wings? TIME  How can you throw a ball as hard as you can and have it come back to you, even if it doesn’t bounce off anything? There is nothing attached to it, and no one else catches or...

 kandila Kung kailan mo pinatay, saka humaba ang buhay. What flies without wings? TIME  How can you throw a ball as hard as you can and have it come back to you, even if it doesn’t bounce off anything? There is nothing attached to it, and no one else catches or throws it back to you. You throw the ball up in the air. How many of each species did Moses take on the ark with him? None.  The letter V. It’s at the center of gravity and you can find it in Venus, but not Mars. What is it? Saan nakatalikod ang kalabaw? SA LANGIT. “The unexamined life is not worth living” - Socrates  CHAPTER 1 DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERPSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY  LESSON 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES What is philosophy? From the Greek words philo (loving) and Sophia (wisdom) the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language  Socrates and Plato  Socrates and Plato Prior to Socrates, the Greek thinkers, were concerned with: what the world is really made of, why the world is so, what explains the changes that they observed around them Socrates Socratic Method - An idea was tested by asking a series of questions to determine the underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person toward better understanding Socrates “I know that I don’t know” Socrates ▪The soul is immortal ▪The care of the soul is the task of philosophy ▪Virtue is necessary to attain happiness Socrates Existence is of two kinds: 1.Visible 2.Invisible Socrates ▪Self-knowledge is important because only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life (Rappe, 1995) ▪For him, every man is composed of body and soul, that every person is dualistic Socrates The most important thing in life is the state of his/her soul and the acts taken from taking care of the soul through self- knowledge Socrates The goal in life is to be HAPPY. How does one become happy? Plato ▪Socrates’ student ▪Wrote the Socratic Dialogue ▪Best known for his Theory of Forms Theory of Forms: The physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world Plato ▪Believed that there are three components to the soul: 1.The rational soul- forged by reason and intellect 2.The spirited soul- emotions 3.The appetitive soul- desires ▪He emphasized that justice can only be attained if the three parts work harmoniously with each other St. Augustine “All knowledge leads to God.” St. Augustine One of the Latin Fathers of the Church Doctor of the Church Gave the Theory of Forms a Christian perspective Following the ancient view of Plato and infusing it with the newfound doctrine of Christianity St. Augustine ▪He believes that the human being who is both soul and body is meant to tend to higher, divine and heavenly matters ▪The soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific thinking Rene Descartes Rene Descartes Father of Modern Philosophy Rationalism Hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt or methodological skepticism  Rationalism The theory that reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all knowledge Rene Descartes Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore, I am) ▪Cogito (mind)- the thing that thinks ▪Extenza (body)- extension of the mind  Rene Descartes ▪Claims that the “self” is: Constant; not prone to change; and is not affected by time Only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time The immaterial soul is the source of our identity  John Locke “Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa, which means that knowledge is derived from experience” John Locke The “self” is identified with consciousness and this “self” consists of sameness of consciousness  David Hume “All knowledge is derived from human senses”  David Hume An empiricist Scottish philosopher Believes that the self is not an entity over and beyond the physical self The self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions ▪Impressions- basic objects of our experience or sensations ▪Ideas- copies of our impressions  EMPIRICISM The origin of all knowledge is sense experience.  Immanuel Kant  Immanuel Kant “Self is transcendental Proposed that it is knowledge that bridges the “self” and the material things together  Immanuel Kant Two components of “self”: 1. Inner Self. The “self” by which you are aware of alterations in your own state. 2. Outer Self. It includes your senses and the physical world.  Sigmund Freud Proponent of the Psychoanalytic Theory Proposed that an individual gets motivated by unseen force, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought  Sigmund Freud Three levels of consciousness: Conscious Pre-conscious/Subconscious Unconscious  Sigmund Freud Three parts of the mind: 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego  Sigmund Freud The superego consists of two systems: 1. Conscience – if the ego gives in to the id’s demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt 2. Ideal Self – Imaginary picture of how you ought to be  Gilbert Ryle “I Act, therefore I am.”  Gilbert Ryle Believes that what matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life YOUR ACTIONS DEFINE YOUR OWN CONCEPT OF SELF  Paul Churchland “The physical brain and NOT the imaginary mind give us our sense of self” His philosophy stands on a materialistic view or the belief that nothing but matter exist  Maurice Merleau-Ponty “Physical body is an important part of the self.”  Maurice Merleau-Ponty The mind and the body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another PHYSICAL BODY IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE SELF