1. Origins of Computing Machines.md

History and Evolution of Computing 1. Origins of Computing Machines - Early Computing Devices: - Abacus: A manual tool where the positions of beads represent numbers. - Arabic: الأباكوس كان يمثل الأعداد عبر وضعية الخرز. - Gear-based Machines (1600s-1800s): Numbers repres...

History and Evolution of Computing 1. Origins of Computing Machines - Early Computing Devices: - Abacus: A manual tool where the positions of beads represent numbers. - Arabic: الأباكوس كان يمثل الأعداد عبر وضعية الخرز. - Gear-based Machines (1600s-1800s): Numbers represented by positions of gears. - Inventors: Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage. 2. Early Data Storage - Punched Cards: First used in the Jacquard Loom (1801) to store weaving patterns. - Arabic: البطاقات المثقبة استُخدمت لتخزين الأنماط. - Babbage's Analytical Engine: Program storage system. 3. Early Computers - Mechanical Relays: - 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories. - 1944: Mark I by Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard. - Vacuum Tubes: - Atanasoff-Berry (1937-1941): Built at Iowa State. - ENIAC (1940s): First large-scale electronic computer by Mauchly & Eckert. 4. Personal Computers - Initially used by hobbyists, but in 1981, IBM introduced the IBM PC, becoming the standard in most desktops. Software primarily from Microsoft. 5. Millennia Advancements - Internet Revolution: Significant communication advancements. - Miniaturization: - Embedded systems (e.g., GPS, automobile engines). - Smartphones as key modern devices. 6. Information Technology (IT) - Definition: Encompasses data gathering, processing, and technology that enables these tasks. Also refers to people managing IT infrastructure (computers, networks, operating systems). - Key Roles in IT: - Administration: Overseeing infrastructure. - Support: Training and help desk services. 7. Roles in IT Administration - System Administrator: Managing software installations, account setups, securing systems, troubleshooting. - Arabic: مدير النظام. - Network Administrator: Managing network connections, security, and troubleshooting. - Arabic: مدير الشبكة. - Database Administrator: Database setup and maintenance, backups, and user training. - Arabic: مدير قاعدة البيانات. - Web Administrator/Developer: Managing websites and working with developers for web pages. - Arabic: مدير الويب. - Security Administrator: Implementing security policies and maintaining system protection. - Arabic: مدير الأمن. 8. IT in Different Sectors - IT use is widespread, from education to entertainment, government, healthcare, and law enforcement. Examples include e-commerce, digital editing, and medical record-keeping. 9. Skills in IT - Troubleshooting: Detect, diagnose, and solve system issues. - Arabic: استكشاف الأخطاء وإصلاحها. - Operating Systems Knowledge: Installation, user account creation, and system monitoring. - Programming: Shell scripting and C/C++ for automation. - System Security: Firewalls, antivirus, and log file monitoring for threats. 10. Key Terminology - Algorithm: A set of steps defining how a task is performed. - Program: Representation of an algorithm. - Software: Combination of programs and algorithms. - Hardware: Physical equipment. 11. Central Questions of Computer Science - What problems can be solved algorithmically? - How to make algorithm discovery easier? - How to better represent and communicate algorithms? - Arabic: الأسئلة المركزية في علوم الحاسوب مثل كيفية اكتشاف الخوارزميات وحل المشاكل باستخدامها. 12. History of Computers - 1837: Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, laying the foundation for modern computers. - 1940s: World War II saw the creation of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer. - 1951: The UNIVAC I became the first general-purpose computer for commercial use. - 1981: IBM PC marked the first personal computer. - 1983: Apple Lisa introduced the first graphical user interface (GUI). 13. Technological Evolution Highlights - 1971: Intel launched the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. - 1990s: PCs became mainstream, driven by internet growth. - 2000s: Mobile computing took off with devices like the iPhone. 14. Components of a Computer System - Central Processing Unit (CPU): Core of computing operations. - Storage Devices: Hard drives, tapes, and disks for data storage. 15. Administrator Roles and Functions (translated from images): - System Administrator: Installing software, securing systems, and troubleshooting. - Network Administrator: Configuring networks and ensuring security. - Database Administrator: Maintaining databases and ensuring backups. - Web Administrator: Overseeing website functionality and security. - Security Administrator: Establishing and maintaining security protocols.