1 Organization of the Body HANDOUT.pdf

Organization of the Body CH 1 Introduction: structure -Anatomy: the study of the ___________ of an organism and the relationship of its parts. Gross Anatomy: the study of parts visible with the naked eye. Microanatomy: the study of parts...

Organization of the Body CH 1 Introduction: structure -Anatomy: the study of the ___________ of an organism and the relationship of its parts. Gross Anatomy: the study of parts visible with the naked eye. Microanatomy: the study of parts with the use of a microscope ____________ -Physiology: a branch of science that describes how the body functions ____________. -Metabolism: the sum of all the chemical ___________ reactions occurring in body cells. equilibrium -Homeostasis: A state of body ___________ characterized by relatively a ___________ internal constant and stable _________ environment. Characteristics of Life: composition 1. Living things have a different molecular ___________ than non-living things. energy 2. Living things require _________ and raw ___________ materials -metabolism: the processes that use energy and molecules so that life can be sustained. 3. Living things are composed of ______. cells A cell is the ________ smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life. Only cells beget cells. 4. Living things maintain homeostasis. A state of body equilibrium characterized by a relatively constant internal environment in an ever changing external environment respond 5. Living things __________ to their external environment 6. Living things grow and _____________ reproduce 7. Populations of living things ___________. evolve LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: (p. 6) Chemical 1. ________: atoms, molecules, macromolecules Simplest level 2. Organelle: a structure made of molecules organized to perform a specific function. Cannot exist outside a cell, cells cannot exist without organelles. Cellular 3. ___________: cells are the basic structural & functional units of an organism, smallest unit of life. All have certain features in common but differentiate to perform specialized functions. Tissue 4. ___________: a group of cells with the same general structure and function, tissue cells surrounded by nonliving, intercellular matrix 5. Organ: An association of 2 or more tissue types that carry out a ____________ specific function 6. Organ System: 2 or more organs working together to carry out a general function. 11 major systems compose the body Organismal 7. ____________: composed of several organs and organ systems. Most ___________ complex Systems can be categorized into functional groups: Support and Movement: Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular Communication, Control, Integration: Nervous, Endocrine Transportation and Defense: Cardiovascular, Lymphatic/Immune Respiration, Nutrition, Excretion: Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary Reproduction and Development: Reproductive Anatomical Position (p. 9) Anatanomical -_____________ Position: body is erect, head facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward, legs shoulder width apart with feet facing forward. reference -this position is a __________ position used to give meaning to directional terms. Ipsilateral -_____________: on the same side contralateral -_____________: on the opposite side -Prone: lying face __________ down -Supine: lying face _________ up Directional Terms: (p.9) -Superior: toward the _______, head or upper or above feet -Inferior: toward the _______, or lower or below anterior -___________/Ventral: in front of posterier -__________/Dorsal: in back of towards -Medial: __________ the midline of the body away -Lateral: _________ from the midline of the body -_________: proximal toward or nearest the trunk Used to describe locations on arms and -_______: distal away or farthest from the trunk legs surface -Superficial: nearer the body ___________ -Deep: further from the body surface Terms Related to Organs: (p. 10) Lumen ___________: the cavity of a hollow organ, the ______space within a hollow organ center Central: near the __________ Peripheral: the outer boundary of the body inner Medullary: the _________ organ region or core of an _________ outer Cortical: the ________ region or layer of an organ Basal: the _______ base widest or _________ part of an organ, can refer to the __________ lower surface Apical: the __________ narrow tip of an organ, can refer to the _________ upper surface Body Planes and Sections: (p. 11) -3 major body planes lying 90o to each other i. Sagittal: divides the body, or structure, into ____ right and ____left ___________ portions -Mid-sagittal: divides the body or structure into right halves and left ___________ anterior ii. Coronal (Frontal): divides the body into __________ and ____________ posterior portions. iii. Transverse (horizontal): divides the body into _________ superior inferior and _________ portions Other Sections: short axis -Cross-Section: a plane along the _____________ of an organ -Longitudinal Section: a plane along the ____ long axis of an organ diagonal -Oblique Section: a plane on a __________ axis of an organ Body Cavities: (p. 12) -4 Major Types of membranes lining cavities: -i. _________: Serous line and lubricate cavities to reduce friction Mucous -ii. __________: line airways, GI tract, reproductive passages. -contain Goblet cells that secrete mucous Synovial -iii. ___________: found within some joints -iv. ___________: Cutaneous skin Cavities: -Posterior Cavity -Vertebral canal -Pelvic cavity -Anterior Cavity -Thoracic Cavity -Pericardial -Cranial Cavity -Abdominopelvic Cavity -Pleural Dorsal Cavity: the cavity posterior to the vertebral bodies, houses the Central Nervous System. Made up of the cranial ___________ Cavity (Brain) and Spinal Cavity (Spinal Cord). Ventral Cavities: are found anterior to the vertebral bodies. There are 2 major ventral Cavities: Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity. mediastinum -Thoracic Cavity is further divided into the ____________ pleural and __________ Cavities -The Abdominopelvic is divided into the Abdominal cavity and the Pelvic Cavity Regions and Quadrants: Abdominopelvic Regions: the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 regions. -Rt. Hypochondriac -Epigastric -Lt. Hypochondriac -Rt. Lumbar/Flank -Umbilical -Lt. Lumbar/Flank -Rt. Iliac/Inguinal -Hypogastric -Lt. Iliac/Inguinal Abdominal Quadrants: abdomen divided into 4 quadrants by line crossing at the umbilicus. -Rt. Upper Quadrant -Lt. Upper Quadrant -Rt. Lower Quadrant -Lt. Lower Quadrant -Abdominal -Crural -Nasal -Pubic -Acromial -Cubital -Occipital -Scapular -Antebrachial -Digital -Olecranal -Sternal -Antecubital -Dorsal -Oral -Supraclavicular -Axillary -Facial -Orbital -Sural -Brachial -Femoral -Otic -Tarsal -Buccal -Frontal -Palmar -Temporal -Calcaneal -Gluteal -Patellar -Thoracic -Carpal -Hallux -Pedal -Umbilical -Caudal -Inguinal -Pelvic -Zygomatic -Cephalic -Lumbar -Perineal -Cervical -Mammary -Plantar -Coxal -Manual -Pollex -Cranial -Mental -Popliteal Interaction of Structure and Function (p.17) Complementarity of structure and function: anatomical structures are adapted to perform specific functions. Each structure a has a particular size, shape, form or placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing an activity. function -structure determines ___________ and function influences structure/anatomy e.g. bone, blood vessels, teeth Fluid Compartments: 1. Intracellular Fluid (ICF): the fluid within cells, separated from the ECF by the plasma membrane. Contains about 2/3 of the body’s total water volume. 2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF): the total fluid volume outside of cells interstitial i. ______________ fluid: the body fluid surrounding cells but outside of blood vessels plasma ii. ___________: the total volume of ECF within the vascular space.  The End. Next topic: Homeostasis