Lecture No-1 Introduction to Microbiology PDF

Lecture No-1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 0  Lecture No-1 WHAT ARE MICROBES? Definition By the name Mikro = small, bios = life and ology means science. Thus, ‫العيش‬ microbiology is the science that deals with the study of living organisms that are...

Lecture No-1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 0  Lecture No-1 WHAT ARE MICROBES? Definition By the name Mikro = small, bios = life and ology means science. Thus, ‫العيش‬ microbiology is the science that deals with the study of living organisms that are individually too small to be seen by the nacked eye. Microbes (my-crobes) are everywhere. There are more of them on a person's hand than there are people on the entire planet. 0  ‫بكتيريا‬ Many of us know bacteria only as “germs,” ‫غير مرئى‬ ‫مخلوقات‬ invisible creatures that can invade our bodies and make us sick. Few know that many bacteria not only coexist with us all the time, but help us do an amazing array of useful things like make vitamins, break down some garbage, and even maintain our atmosphere. ‫الحفاظ على أجسامنا‬ 0 Microbes are in the air we breathe, the ground we walk on, the food we eat—they're even inside us. We couldn't digest food without them—animals couldn't, either. Without microbes, plants couldn't grow, garbage wouldn't decompose and there would be a lot less oxygen to breathe. ‫ مل متننك‬.‫ ىتح أهنا دباخنلا‬- ‫ واطلعام اذلي أنكهل‬،‫ واألرض اليت منيش عيلها‬،‫وتدج امليركوابت يف اهلواء اذلي ننتفسه‬ ‫ ولن تتحلل اقلماةم‬،‫ ال مينك لنلاباتت أن منتو‬،‫ دبون امليركوابت‬.‫ مل ستطتع احليواانت أضيا‬- ‫من ضهم اطلعام دبومهن‬.‫وسيوكن نهاك مكية أقل بثكري من األكجسني لتلنفس‬ 0  WHAT ARE MICROBES? Types of Microbe Archaea Bacteria Fungi Viruses 0  Microbiology can also subdivided according to the type of microorganisms ‫علم الجراثيم‬ into: Bacteriology; deals with the study of bacteria. Virology; study of viruses and virions. Mycology; study of fungi. Phycology; study of algae. Protozoology; study of protozoa. 0  Immunology; the science that deals with the host and parasite relationship and in other words how the host responsds to a foreign body. ‫يستجيب‬ Parasitology; deals with parasites ‫طفيلي‬ ‫الحشرات‬ and parasitic insects. 0  ‫التكنولوجيا الحيوية‬ Biotechnology; means the use of ‫الصناعات‬ microorganisms in the industries. ‫الكائنات الدقيقة‬ ‫علم األمراض‬ ‫األمراض‬ Pathology; deals with the diseases. ‫بمعالجة‬ Genetic engineering; manipulation of‫إنتاج‬ microorganisms for the production of ‫باستخدام‬ human proteins using recombinant DNA technology. 0  Pioneers in Microbiology Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). He was the first who had seen and described microbes using simple microscope. He referred them as animalcules. 0  Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeek (1632–1723). 0  Joseph Lister (1823 – 1912). ‫املطهرات‬ He discovered antiseptics in 1867. ‫تيندال‬ ‫أدخلت‬ Tyndall (1877). ‫العطاء‬ He introduced Tyndallization ‫التعقيم املتقطع‬ “Intermittent sterilization” as a ‫طريقة التعقيم‬ method of sterilization. 0  ‫‪Louis Pasteur: (1822 – 1895).‬‬ ‫علم الجراثيم‬ ‫اإلنجازات‬ ‫‪0‬‬  ‫‪Louis Pasteur: (1822 – 1895).‬‬ ‫دحض النظرية‬ ‫من تلقاء نفسها‬ ‫بسترة‬ ‫التخمير‬ ‫تلقيح‬ ‫الالهوائية‬ ‫الكائنات الدقيقة‬ ‫عوامل األمراض‬ ‫‪0‬‬  Robert Koch (1843 – 1910). ‫معاصر‬ He was a contemporary of and second only to ‫باستر‬ ‫مساهم‬ Pasteur as a great contributor to bacteriology. He was the first to isolate anthrax bacilli in pure cultures (1876). He perfected the techniques of staining of bacteria (1881). He introduced solid nutrient culture media for purification of bacteria. The first to use of oil immersion lens. 0  Robert Koch (1843 – 1910). He discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis and cholera. He invented hanging drop technique for observation of live bacteria. Koch postulates to prove the causative agents of diseases. He obtained tuberculin from tubercle bacilli. Microphotography in Laboratory techniques. 0  Loeffler: He discovered the causative agent of Diphtheria. Fleming (1881 – 1955). He discovered penicillin in 1928, however, the true value of penicillin was determined only during the Second World War (1940), and many lives were saved that it was called Miracle drug. Domagk (1935). ‫سويكوناميدات‬ He introduced the sulfonamides. 0  What is a Cell? Cell – Basic unit of living things. Organisms are either: Unicellular – made of one cell such as bacteria and amoebas. OR Multicellular – made of many cells such as plants and animals. 0 Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic befor nucleu e s Eukaryotic true nucleu 0 s Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture 0  Prokaryotes NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes) ALL are unicellular Smaller than eukaryotic cells Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple) DNA – single strand and circular Ex: ALL Bacteria 0  Eukaryotes 1. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope 2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes 3. Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc) 4. DNA – double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized) 5. Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms 6. Ex: All living organisms other than blue green algae and bacteria (animals, plants, fungi) 0  Differences between Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells 0 Characteristics Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Occurrence bacteria and blue green algae Fungi, animals and plants Size 1-10 µm 10-100 µm Forms Unicellular Uni or Multicellular membrane-bound no yes organelles Nucleus no Yes Nuclear Membranes no yes Chromatin with histone no yes Nucleoli and Mitotic no yes apparatus Nucleolus no yes 0 Characteristics Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Endoplasmic Reticulum No yes Vacuoles No yes Lysosomes No Yes Chloroplast no yes Centrioles no Yes Ribosomes 70S 80S Microtubules no yes Flagellae simple 9+2 Mesosomes yes no Plasmid yes rare Mitochondria no yes 0 THANK YOU! 0