Anatomy and Physiology Orientation PDF

Faculty of applied medical sciences AlBaha University  Anatomy and physiology Orientation Exploring life and sciences. Dr. Mohammed Adel Shanawaz Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Overvie...

Faculty of applied medical sciences AlBaha University  Anatomy and physiology Orientation Exploring life and sciences. Dr. Mohammed Adel Shanawaz Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Overview of Anatomy and Physiology ▪ Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another ▪ Gross or macroscopic ▪ Microscopic ▪ Developmental ▪ Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microscopic Anatomy ▪ Cytology – study of the cell ▪ Histology – study of tissues Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Developmental Anatomy ▪ Traces structural changes throughout life ▪ Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Levels of Structural Organization ▪ Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules ▪ Cellular – cells are made of molecules ▪ Tissue – consists of similar types of cells ▪ Organ – made up of different types of tissues ▪ Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together ▪ Organismal – made up of the organ systems Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Atoms Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Heart similar types of cells. Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism tissue is made up of many organ systems. 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types 5 Organ system level of tissues. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1  Integumentary System ▪ Forms the external body covering ▪ Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails ▪ Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3a  Skeletal System ▪ Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments ▪ Protects and supports body organs ▪ Provides the framework for muscles ▪ Site of blood cell formation ▪ Stores minerals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3b  Muscular System ▪ Composed of muscles and tendons ▪ Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression ▪ Maintains posture ▪ Produces heat Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3c  Nervous System ▪ Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves ▪ Is the fast-acting control system of the body ▪ Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3d  Cardiovascular System ▪ Composed of the heart and blood vessels ▪ The heart pumps blood ▪ The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3f  Lymphatic System ▪ Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels ▪ Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood ▪ Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream ▪ Houses white blood cells involved with immunity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3g  Respiratory System ▪ Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs ▪ Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3h  Digestive System ▪ Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver ▪ Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood ▪ Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3i  Urinary System ▪ Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra ▪ Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body ▪ Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3j  Male Reproductive System ▪ Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens ▪ Main function is the production of offspring ▪ Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones ▪ Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3k  Female Reproductive System ▪ Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina ▪ Main function is the production of offspring ▪ Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones ▪ Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus ▪ Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3l  Organ Systems Interrelationships ▪ The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment ▪ Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Organ Systems Interrelationships ▪ Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood ▪ Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2  Necessary Life Functions ▪ Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment ▪ Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes ▪ Organismal level – accomplished by the skin ▪ Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Necessary Life Functions ▪ Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them ▪ Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs ▪ Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body ▪ Excretion – removal of wastes from the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Necessary Life Functions ▪ Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels ▪ Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells ▪ Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person ▪ Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Survival Needs ▪ Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building ▪ Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions ▪ Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions ▪ Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates ▪ Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Anatomical Position ▪ Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7a  Directional Terms Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1a  Directional Terms Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1b  Body Planes ▪ Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts ▪ Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline ▪ Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts ▪ Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts ▪ Oblique section – cuts made diagonally Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body Planes Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.8  Body Cavities ▪ Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions ▪ Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain ▪ Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord ▪ Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions ▪ Thoracic ▪ Abdominopelvic Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body Cavities Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal Thoracic body cavity cavity (contains heart and lungs) Diaphragm Vertebral cavity (contains spinal Abdominal cavity cord) (contains digestive viscera) Key: Dorsal body cavity Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, Ventral body cavity reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.9a  Body Cavities Key: Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior Thoracic mediastinum cavity Pleural (contains cavity heart and lungs) Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Ventral body cavity Abdominal cavity (thoracic (contains digestive Abdomino- and viscera) pelvic abdomino- cavity pelvic cavities) Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.9b  Body Cavities ▪ Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity ▪ Pleural cavities – each houses a lung ▪ Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs ▪ Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body Cavities ▪ The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm ▪ It is composed of two subdivisions ▪ Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs ▪ Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ventral Body Cavity Membranes ▪ Parietal serosa lines internal body walls ▪ Visceral serosa covers the internal organs ▪ Serous fluid separates the serosae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Serous Membrane Relationship Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.10a  Heart Serosae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.10b  Other Body Cavities ▪ Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs ▪ Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose ▪ Orbital – house the eyes ▪ Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations ▪ Synovial – joint cavities Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Other Body Cavities Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.13  Abdominopelvic Regions Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11a  Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11b  Abdominopelvic Quadrants ▪ Right upper ▪ Left upper ▪ Right lower ▪ Left lower Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.12