Introduction to the Human Body PDF

OV E RV I E W O F A NA TO M Y A N D PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY: Scientific study of body structures AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION 1. Gross Anatomy – study of the larger structures of the body 2. Microscopic Anatomy – study of structures with the aid of magnification devices ( e.g. cytolog...

OV E RV I E W O F A NA TO M Y A N D PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY: Scientific study of body structures AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION 1. Gross Anatomy – study of the larger structures of the body 2. Microscopic Anatomy – study of structures with the aid of magnification devices ( e.g. cytology, histology ) 3. Regional Anatomy – study of interrelationship of all the structures in a specific region of the body. 4. Systematic Anatomy – study of the structures that makes up the body system.  PHY SIOLOGY Scientific study of the structures of the human body and the ways they work together to support the functions of life.  S T R U C T U R A L O RG A N I Z AT I O N O F T H E H U M A N B O DY Scientist consider the simplest building blocks of mater Chemical Sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules Level All matters in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called “elements” Hydrogen, Iron, O2, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium The smallest unit of all these elements is an atom Atom is made up of sub-atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron Two or more atoms combine to form molecules: such as: water molecules, proteins, sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures  The smallest independently living units of structures and Cellular functions are cells Level All living structures of the human body contains cells All functions of the human body are initiated by the cells A variety of molecules combine to form the cytoplasm (a water based cellular fluid) & organelles of a body cell. In humans, as in all organisms, cells perform all functions of life  A community of similar cells Tissue that forms a body tissues Level A combination of progresses from cells to tissue, then to organs, Organ further to organ system, & finally culminates in the entire organism Level  Two or more organs work closely together to perform Organ the functions of the body System system Many organ system works harmoniously together to perform Organism the functions of an independent Level organism CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEM HUMAN BODY  TISSUES Epithelial Tissue: covers or lines the body surfaces ( outer layer of skin, sweat glands). Produces secretions with specific function. First line of protection from physical, chemical and biological injuries. Connective Tissue: connects and support parts of the body (blood, bone, cartilage). Transport or stored materials. Muscle Tissue: specialized for contraction and brings about some movements (skeletal muscles, heart muscles) Nerve Tissue: specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulates body functions.  the different organ systems INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN Subcutaneous tissue Prevents excessive Barrier to pathogens water loss and chemicals SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones Ligaments Provides a Supports the framework to be body moved by the muscles Protects delicate internal organs MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles Tendons Moves the skeleton Production of heat NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain, Eyes and Nerves Ears Interpret sensory information Regulates body functions by means of electrochemical impulses  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid gland, Pancreas, pituitary gland adrenal gland Regulates body Regulates day to day function (growth, metabolism by reproduction) by means of hormones means of hormones CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Heart Arteries Transport oxygen and Removal of nutrients to the waste products tissues LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Spleen (lymph nodes) Return tissues to the blood Destroy pathogens that enters the body and provides immunity  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lungs, Larynx, Trachea Diaphragm Exchanges oxygen and carbon between the air & the blood DIGESTIVE SY STEM Stomach, Colon, Liver Pancreas Changes food to simple chemicals that can be used and absorbed by the body  URINARY SY STEM Kidneys, Urinary Urethra bladder Remove waste Regulates the products from ph of blood & the blood tissue fluids REPRODUCTIVE SY STEM Female Male Ovaries Testes Production Production of egg of sperm  METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS Metabolism :  All chemical and physical reactions that takes place within the body  growing, repairing, reacting, reproducing  All the characteristics of life  HOMEOSTASIS Ability of the body to maintain a normal and stable metabolic process despite of a many constant changes. Changes can be external or internal  FEEDBACK MECHANISM  Negative feedback mechanism : the body’s response reverses the stimulus (in effect turning it off for a while) and keep some aspects of metabolism within normal range.  Positive Feedback Mechanism. The response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus but instead keep the sequence of events going  BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES Dorsal Cavity : lines by the membranes called meninges. Consist of cranial and vertebral cavities. Cranial cavity contains the brain and vertebral cavities contains the spinal cord.  VENTRAL CAVITY:  The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities  The pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity  Thoracic cavity includes the heart and lungs  Pleural membranes lines the chest wall and covers the lungs  Pericardial membranes surrounds the heart  Abdominal cavity contains many organs (stomach, liver, intestines)  Peritoneal membranes lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs Pelvic cavity Contains the urinary bladder, the colon, & the internal reproductive organs PLANES AND SECTIONS  Plane: imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ  Frontal (coronal) section: plane from side to side that separates the body into front and back portions  Sagittal section: plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions.  Transverse section: a horizontal plane that separates the body into upper and lower portions  Cross Section: a section perpendicular to the long axis. Cross section of the small intestine would look like a circle within the cavity of the small intestine at the center  Longitudinal section: a section along the long axis of an organ Longitudinal section of the intestine, femur  ABDOMINAL AREAS AND QUADRANTS  A transverse plane and midsagittal plane crosses the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four quadrants  Two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into nine areas:  Upper areas: Left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac  Middle areas: Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right lumbar  Lower areas: Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac This divisions are often used to describe the location of an organs.