Introduction to Database Systems PDF

Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Systems Database System Concepts 1.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Chapter 1: Introduction Purpose of Database Systems View of Data Data Models...

Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Systems Database System Concepts 1.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Chapter 1: Introduction Purpose of Database Systems View of Data Data Models Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language Transaction Management Storage Management Database Administrator Database Users Overall System Structure Database System Concepts 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  What do you know about DB? Database System Concepts 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Database Management System (DBMS) Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use. Database Applications: H Banking: all transactions H Airlines: reservations, schedules H Universities: registration, grades H Sales: customers, products, purchases H Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain H Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions Databases touch all aspects of our lives Database System Concepts 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Purpose of Database System In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: H Data redundancy and inconsistency 4 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files H Difficulty in accessing data 4 Need to write a new program to carry out each new task H Data isolation — multiple files and formats H Integrity problems 4 Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of program code 4 Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones Database System Concepts 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.) Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.) H Atomicity of updates 4 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out 4 E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all H Concurrent access by multiple users 4 Concurrent accessed needed for performance 4 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies – E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time H Security problems Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems Database System Concepts 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Levels of Abstraction Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record

name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end; View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes. Database System Concepts 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  View of Data An architecture for a database system Database System Concepts 1.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Instances and Schemas Similar to types and variables in programming languages Schema – the logical structure of the database H e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them. H Analogous to type information of a variable in a program H Physical schema: database design at the physical level H Logical schema: database design at the logical level Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time H Analogous to the value of a variable Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema H Applications depend on the logical schema H In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others. Database System Concepts 1.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Data Models A collection of tools for describing H data H data relationships H data semantics H data constraints Entity-Relationship model Relational model Other models: H object-oriented model H semi-structured data models H Older models: network model and hierarchical model Database System Concepts 1.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Entity-Relationship Model Example of schema in the entity-relationship model Database System Concepts 1.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Entity Relationship Model (Cont.) E-R model of real world H Entities (objects) 4 E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch H Relationships between entities 4 E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson 4 Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts Widely used for database design H Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and processing Database System Concepts 1.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Relational Model Attributes Example of tabular data in the relational model customer- customer- customer- account- Customer- name street city number id 192-83-7465 Johnson Alma Palo Alto A-101 019-28-3746 Smith North Rye A-215 192-83-7465 Johnson Alma Palo Alto A-201 321-12-3123 Jones Main Harrison A-217 019-28-3746 Smith North Rye A-201 Database System Concepts 1.13 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  A Sample Relational Database Database System Concepts 1.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Data Definition Language (DDL) Specification notation for defining the database schema H E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer) DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data) H database schema H Data storage and definition language 4 language in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified 4 Usually an extension of the data definition language Database System Concepts 1.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Data Manipulation Language (DML) Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model H DML also known as query language Two classes of languages H Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data H Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data SQL is the most widely used query language Database System Concepts 1.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  SQL SQL: widely used non-procedural language H E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465
select customer.customer-name

from customer

where customer.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ H E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with customer -id 192-83-7465
select account.balance

from depositor, account

where depositor.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ and
depositor.account-number = account.account-number Application programs generally access databases through one of H Language extensions to allow embedded SQL H Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL queries to be sent to a database Database System Concepts 1.17 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Database Users Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously H E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff Database System Concepts 1.18 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Database Administrator Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs. Database administrator's duties include: H Schema definition H Storage structure and access method definition H Schema and physical organization modification H Granting user authority to access the database H Specifying integrity constraints H Acting as liaison with users H Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements Database System Concepts 1.19 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Transaction Management A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures. Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database. Database System Concepts 1.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Storage Management Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks: H interaction with the file manager H efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data Database System Concepts 1.21 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Overall System Structure Database System Concepts 1.22 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Application Architectures Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to
communicate with a database Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and
applications built using “middleware” Database System Concepts 1.23 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Summary A database-management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of interrelated data and a collection of programs to access that data. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and ef ficient for people to use in retrieving and storing information. A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the data. That is, the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained. The overall design of the database is called the database schema. A database schema is specif ie d by a set of def initions that are expressed using a data definition language (DDL). Database System Concepts 1.24 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Summary A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data. Database users can be categorized into several classes, and each class of users usually uses a different type of interface to the database. Database applications are typically broken up into a front-end part that runs at client machines and a part that runs at the back end. H In two-tier architectures, the front-end directly communicates with a database running at the back end. H In three-tier architectures, the back end part is itself broken up into an application server and a database server. Database System Concepts 1.25 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan  Assignment List FIVE programming languages that are procedural and TWO that are nonprocedural. Which group is easier to learn and use? Explain your answer. Database System Concepts 1.26 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan