CZ1106 Introduction - Computer Architecture PDF

Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introd...

Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Classes of Computers and Early History of Computing Learning Objectives (1.1) 1. Describe the following classes of computers: ï Supercomputers ï Microcomputers ï Embedded systems 2. Describe two early computer architecture designs. 2 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 1 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 What is a Computer? From The Abacus Comparative supercomputer server Technical PC tablet Features ïMulti-touch input (with force feedback!) mobile phone watch. ïHigh-resolution retinal display All ïNothese devices batteries contain some form of computational required elements. No definitive way to classify computers. But we review three broad categories: Supercomputer, microcomputers and embedded systems. Computes faster with use Supercomputer Microcomputer Embedded 3 Flops floatingpoint operation of two 32 bitfloating pointno multiplication performance of ma thine sused as metric for 109 Giga Tere 1012 Peta 1015 Classes of computers Supercomputers Very large, powerful and expensive computers. High computational performance and can operate on large data sizes (for high precision calculations). Generally scalable by adding more processors. Applications - weather forecasting, simulation of complex physical systems and sub-atomic structures. The Titan Supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Computational peak performance is Predicting the Path of Hurricane Assess Health of Nuclear Bombs calculation y around 17-27 petaFLOPS. Titan consist of S ï18,000+ Nvidia Tesla K20 GPUs ï700 terabytes of memory abombs 4 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 2 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Classes of computers Microcomputers Microcomputers contain a microprocessor as a processing unit and external memory and peripheral chip support. More powerful workstations are used as servers and the more common variety such as desktop PC and notebooks are for home-office computing applications. High-end Personal Notebook Server Computer 5 Classes of computers Embedded Systems Compact devices that usually employ a single-chip (microcontroller) containing the processing unit, memory and relevant peripheral support. They are called embedded systems as the presence of the microprocessor is non-obvious. Such devices are all around us. Examples of embedded systems 6 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 3 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Early Days of the Digital Computer Major progress made during World War II (1940’s) Computer research funded mainly by the War Department To solve problems related to ballistics 7 Typical Ballistic Computation USS Massachusetts Main front turret 3 Analog gear-based computer Knobs input numbers such as target speed and course, range to target, wind speed, wind direction, own speed, own course, etc. The outputs controlled the motors of the gun. 8 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 4 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Harvard and Von Neumann Two major classes of computer architecture emerged. Harvard architecture, named after Harvard series of relay calculators developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard Univ. Howard Aiken IBM’s ASCC (a.k.a Harvard Mark 1) 9 Harvard and Von Neumann Two major classes of computer architecture emerged. Harvard architecture, named after Harvard series of relay calculators developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard Univ. Von Neumann architecture, developed by John Von Neumann at Princeton University. Influenced ENIAC’s design. ENIAC John von Neumann 10 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 5 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Harvard and Von Neumann Two major classes of computer architecture emerged. Harvard architecture, named after Harvard series of relay calculators developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard Univ. Von Neumann architecture, developed by John Von Neumann at Princeton University. Influenced ENIAC’s design. Defacto Code Harvard Von Neumann Shared Memory Architecture Memory Architecture CPU Two separate Single shared memory for CPU memory for both Data Memory code and data code and data 11 ENIAC – the first digital computer 1.5k bits of memory Specifications: ENIAC Weighed 30 tons, contained 19,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays and consumed 200kW of power. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator In 1943, the US army funded Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at Univ. of Pennsylvannia to build ENIAC, based on von Neumann’s architecture. 12 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 6 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 The von Neumann Architecture Central Input Processing Unit Output (CPU) Memory (stores data and program) Many modern day computers are still based on von Neumann’s design, which consist of: Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Input and Output 13 Summary Computers can be classified in many ways, e.g. by function, size, general design, etc. We looked at three classes, namely supercomputers, microcomputers and embedded systems. Two early rivals in computer architecture designs, the Harvard and von Neumann architectures. In part, due to the high cost of memory in the Shared Single shared early days of computing, the shared memory Memory memory for both code design of the von Neumann design became the and data preferred architecture. CPU Von Neumann Architecture 14 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 7 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Chapter 1 Introduction Basic Components of a Microcomputer Learning Objectives (1.2) 1. Describe the basic components of a microcomputer. 2. Describe the purpose of the CPU clock and reset circuitry. 15 15 Components of a Microcomputer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * 8 9 # Main Input Output Processor Memory Interface Interface Bus Data Address Control Consist of three main components: processor, main memory and I/O interfaces. They are interconnected by a bus structure, which consist of a collection of wires through which binary information can be transferred in parallel. 16 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 8 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Components of a Microcomputer Microcomputer Power Clock Reset 0 1 2 3 Supply Circuitry Circuitry 4 5 6 7 * 8 9 # Main Input Output Processor Memory Interface Interface Bus Data Address Control Consist of three main components: processor, main memory and I/O interfaces. They are interconnected by a bus structure, which consist of a collection of wires through which binary information can be transferred in parallel. Other important components include the power supply, CPU clock and reset circuitries. 17 3.76Mt y Clock Most computers are synchronous and are driven by a master or system clock. The speed performance of the computer is governed by the frequency of the clock. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (cycles) to execute each instruction. processor memory busall diff from the one Many different clock frequencies are derived have frequencies master clock. Clock Crystal Operation closer to the CPU core (e.g. registers and arithmetic & logic units) are clocked faster and those involving external components (e.g. memory or peripheral access) are clocked slower. clock over by cooling with liquid nitrogen 18 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 9 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Reset Circuitry The CPU is put into a known state on power up. The reset circuitry provides an external signal that asserts the Reset pin when power is applied. An active-low signal on the reset pin for a substantial duration (several clock cycles) is Power-up required to reset the CPU. Reset Most computer system provide an additional Manual manual reset button to reset the CPU without Reset switching off the power. On reset, the CPU is put into a known initial state where the boot-up code can then execute. 19 Summary The basic components within a computer consist of the CPU, memory and I/O interfaces. The memory is a very critical component in a computer as it stores both data and instructions. The access speed of the memory usually determines the performance of the computer. A fast processor with a fast clock that is coupled with slow memory will still execute instructions slowly. Understanding how data and instructions are organised in memory can help programmers write more efficient programs. 20 20 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 10 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Chapter 1 Introduction Desktop PC and Tablet PC Examples Learning Objectives (1.3) 1. Describe the hardware composition of a desktop PC. 2. Describe the hardware composition of a tablet computer. 21 Computer Hardware Decomposition What are the major components within the typical computers that we use? Desktop Personal Tablet Computer Computer 22 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 11 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 customisable greater y Inside a Desktop Personal Computer Major components of a desktop PC A Gamer’s PC 23 Inside a Desktop Personal Computer Major components of I/O Peripherals a desktop PC (Display, Keyboard & Mouse) Graphic Processor Unit (GPU) DRAM Main Memory (4-8 GigaBytes) storage Hard Disk Power Drive Motherboard (1TeraByte) Supply Unit (with CPU) 24 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 12 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Inside a Tablet Computer Major components of the iPad2 LCD display Circuit Board touchscreen Back 3-Cell Li-Ion Chassis Polymer Battery Front (25Watt Hours) glass 10 operating hours panel Source: http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/11/live_teardown_of_apples_ipad_2_currently_underway.html 25 I Inside the iPad 2 Power Management IC Touchscreen Driver LCD Timing inside ship Controller DRAM processor dmemory Touchscreen A5 Processor Flash - NAND Controller (Secondary Memory – 16GB) Source: http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/11/live_teardown_of_apples_ipad_2_currently_underway.html 26 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 13 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 Apple A5 Processor The A5 is a package on package (PoP) system-on- a-chip (SoC) that was designed by Apple and made by Samsung. Package on package Source:..http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/15/x_ray_of_apples_a5_cpu_in_ipad_2_confirms_manufacturing_b y_samsung.html 27 Benefit of PoP Packaging Package on package (PoP) is an IC packaging technique that vertically stacks and interconnect separate packages (e.g. CPU and memory) via ball grid array (BGA) connections. Some benefits of PoP packaging: Save space on motherboard - reduce size of product. Minimize track length between CPU and memory - faster signal propagation and reduced electrical noise. Memory units can be tested separately before combining with CPU units - improve manufacturing yield and supports multiple memory suppliers. Different-sized memory can be coupled with CPU based on user requirements - simplifies inventory control. Try: Google Search “Benefits of Package on Package” 28 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 14 Chap1 - Introduction CE/CZ1106 A5 Processor (System-on-a Chip) The A5 processor is with its built in I/O interfaces and support is considered a system-on-a-chip (SoC). A dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU with 4.5MB cache memory. 1GHz CPU clock, can be dynamically reduced to save battery life. 512MB low-power DDR SDRAM (@533MHz). Dual core PowerVX SGX543MP2 GPU to speed up graphics. Source:http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/03/15/x_ray_of_apples_a5_cpu _in_ipad_2_confirms_manufacturing_by_samsung.html 29 Summary Whether a desktop or tablet PC, the basic components of a computer remains the same. These basic components are essentially the CPU, memory and the various I/O interfaces that permit peripherals to be connected to the computer. Microcomputer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * 8 9 # Main Input Output Processor Memory Interface Interface Bus Data Address Control 30 30 (c) A/P Goh Wooi Boon - 2020 15