History of Microbiology PDF

Greek word: MICRO means small BIOS means life LOGIA means study. “study of microscopic organisms either unicellular, multicellular or acellular” Image: geeksforgeeks The first records of “Microbiology” Can you guess?  The first record of human using micro...

Greek word: MICRO means small BIOS means life LOGIA means study. “study of microscopic organisms either unicellular, multicellular or acellular” Image: geeksforgeeks The first records of “Microbiology” Can you guess?  The first record of human using microbes comes from ancient tablets from mid east. Babylonians: yeast to make beer over 8000 years ago Babylonians: acetic acid bacteria to make vinegar over 6000 years ago Persia (Now Iran) region recorded the wine making about 5000 years ago Romans: God of mold and mildew was “Robigus” means crop rust. Romans proposed that diseases were caused by tiny animals about 2000 years ago. The real microbiology history starts from 1600s, when people began to make crude lenses and microscopes. NOMENCLATURE Linnaeus – (1707-1778) Father of modern taxonomy Binomial nomenclature; 2 names: Genus-species Names are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case. Names may be descriptive or honor a scientist After the first use, abbreviated GOLDEN AGE IN MICROBIOLOGY (1857-1940) Robert Hook Anton van Leewenhoek Louis Pasture Robert Koch Edward Jenner  Father of cytology “Cells” – Micrograpia Robert Hook (1635-1703)  Early life - Oxford - Robert Boyle Hooke’s Law: tension force in a spring increases in direct proportion to the length it is stretched to Professor of Geometry Astronomy (Mars and Jupitor rotate), Mechanics (balance spring in watch; Christiaan Huygens), Gravitation (Newton), Horology (what could this be!), human memory (encode, repeat, retrieve), microscopy, paleontology (fossils, earth’s surface) Arguments_biographies Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723) Double convex glass lens help between two silver plates 50 -300 times Light water drops Bacteria and protozoa 190 letters_Dutch_ Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. Henry Oldenburg secretary of Royal society of London “Animalcules” HO translated from Dutch  "Father of Microbiology", quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Pepper Plaque on teeth  First report on bacteria ever: "a little white matter, which is as thick as if 'twere batter." He repeated (REPEATABILITY) these observations on two ladies (BIOLOGICAL REPEATS), and on two old men (BIOLOGICAL REPEATS), who had never cleaned their teeth in their lives (CONTROL EXPERIMENTS). Looking at these samples with his microscope, Leeuwenhoek reported how in his own mouth: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules (BACTERIA), very prettily a-moving. The biggest sort... had a very strong and swift motion, and shot through the water (or spittle) like a pike does through the water. The second sort... oft-times spun round like a top... and these were far more in number (QUATITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION; NOTE KEEPING)”. In the mouth of one of the old men, Leeuwenhoek found "an unbelievably great company of living animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than any I had ever seen up to this time. The biggest sort... bent their body into curves in going forwards... Moreover, the other animalcules were in such enormous numbers, that all the water... seemed to be alive.” Salt and coffee September 17, 1683, Leeuwenhoek to the Royal Society THE first books of Microbiology: Hooke’s popular book Micrographia, published in 1665. In this first “scientific bestseller”, Hooke, in 1665, not only defined the term “cell” (small chamber surrounded by walls), but also depicted numerous “little animals” well-known to the health and physical well- being of the general public, such as fleas, etc., in high-quality woodcuts. Thirty years later, Antonie van Leeuvenhoek published a similar book for the general reader, entitled Arcana Naturae Detecta—1695 (in Latin) Was it easy for Leeuwenhoeck to convince? Science was not open at that time & people Credibility refused to believe things that went against Single celled organisms religion. Fellow of Royal Society Leeuwenhoek didn't disclose his method of making finer microscope and just told the Open science? YES/NO! grinding method. Louis Pasteur 1822 – 1895 January 30, 1860, the French Academy of Sciences Pasteur: the most sought after of the times! Industrial Microbiology : beer doctorate in Chemistry at the Collège de France, Paris. beet sugar into alcohol, but also sometimes acid Up to this time, it was believed that fermentation was a purely chemical degradation process. Bad vat: rods under microscope Pasteur was perhaps the first to associate the growth of specific microbes with the production of specific fermentation products. manufacture of vinegar in the early 1860s Industrial Microbiology “yeast soup” right microorganisms + right time + right temperature = right product, wrong organisms = wrong product. Industrial to Food Microbiology (Beer to wine to milk) Modification of the Spanish method of slow heating of wine to alter the color: In order to prevent secondary fermentation products, Pasteur determined that by gently heating the wine at 68°C for 10 minutes, followed by rapid cooling, he could destroy the organisms that caused spoilage. A by-product of this process of “Pasteurization” was that wines could be shipped over long distances. This process would later be applied to prevent the spoilage of milk and other heat-labile substances. Self Learning: What are the different methods of Pasteurization? What is Stassanization? Again to Agricultural Microbiology Silk worm In the South of France, a disease was killing silkworms 1865, the production of cocoons 4 million kilograms (from 26) a decade earlier. Black spots on the worms, thus the name given, pébrine (pepper) disease. after the female moths laid their eggs, the moths were turned into a pulp. Microscope -> if corpuscles observed -> eggs destroyed Medical Microbiology/Immunology/Vaccination! Chicken cholera: Pasteurella multocida The vacation story of serendipity: Charles Chamberland diminish the microbe's virulence by changing the mode of culturing Anthrax: Henry Toussaint heating at 55 °C for 10 minutes Claim of live vaccine; 58 sheep, 2 goats and 10 cattle / 200 judges potassium dichromate-killed vaccine (notebooks) Pasteur was against heating method for vaccines as he believed that live weakened culture took resources from other virulence and killed them. But the vaccines he gave was culture killed by potassium dichromate which was found from his books. His books were disclosed but his grandson.  Rabies With Emilie Roux (animal models); 9-year-old Joseph Meister, on 6 July 1885 Not a physician, brave; tested twice before? Ethics, notebook Self study What is Tyndallisation? Robert Koch 1843 – 1910 Physician from Germany Background: Lister (dilution -> pure culture) Microscope: Rod shaped Vibrio cholera Lab in Poland: a heat sterilized glass slide, a thick piece of glass with a concave well dug in it (both sterilized by heat), petrolatum gel, a tiny bit of spleen from an infected mouse, and microscope Clear medium: aqueous humor from the eye of an ox Koch’s Postulates Find the organism present in all cases of the disease and not present in healthy individuals. Isolate and cultivate the organism in pure culture, demonstrating that it alone is present. Induce the disease in a healthy individual (animal, if possible) with this pure culture. Demonstrate that the organism is present in the induced disease, and that on reisolation in pure culture, it is the same organism that was used to induce the disease  Potato solid culture 1882, when Frau Angelina Hesse, the wife of a graduate student in Koch’s lab: agar-agar Were Koch and Pasteur in agreement? What do you think? Find an instance of serendipity in science (other than chicken cholera and Penicillin) Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Small pox-cowpox James Philip REFERENCE https://studylib.net/doc/8653833/early-history-of-microbiology-and- microbiological https://dspmuranchi.ac.in/pdf/Blog/General_MicrobiologyCSP_Proof0 12417.PDF https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/im/v9n1/01maloy.pdf https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev- micro-033020-020648 https://www.bellarmine.edu/faculty/dobbins/Secret%20Readings/Histo rical/Hooke-Leeuwenhoek.pdf https://store.pda.org/TableOfContents/ERMM_V1_Ch01.pdf