History Of Microbiology PDF

1/10/2025 I N T R O D U C T I O N: BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY J.M. CALIGUIRAN, RMT/ N. MARTIN, RMT Learning Outcome At the end of this lecture, the students must be able to: Enumerate notable microbiologists and their significant contributions in the fi...

1/10/2025 I N T R O D U C T I O N: BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY J.M. CALIGUIRAN, RMT/ N. MARTIN, RMT Learning Outcome At the end of this lecture, the students must be able to: Enumerate notable microbiologists and their significant contributions in the field of Bacteriology. 1  1/10/2025 THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures” Francesco Stelluti (1577-1652) made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo Robert Hooke →reported to the world that life's smallest structural units were "little boxes," or ___________ →marked the beginning of the ____________ -- all living things are composed of cells 2  1/10/2025 Hooke's Microscope (1665) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was inspired by this publication Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) →first actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed →made detailed drawings of ________________ in rainwater, in his own feces, and in material scraped from his teeth 3  1/10/2025 ✓Bacteria ✓Protozoa ✓Sperm cells ✓Blood cells ✓Microscopic worms 4  1/10/2025 → 3-4” microscope → Required good lighting and patience _____________________________ →this theory believes that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. → toads, snakes, and mice could be born on moist soil; flies could emerge from manure; and maggots, the larvae of flies, could arise from decaying corpses 5  1/10/2025 Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) → Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation Francesco Redi (1626-1697) →demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat (1668) →Redi’s experiment was one of the first to suggest that life arose from ____________________ rather than spontaneously from non-living material. John Needham (1731-1781) →observed that a boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly → found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms 6  1/10/2025 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) → suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham's solutions after they were boiled → showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Anton Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) → showed the importance of ____________ to life THEORY OF BIOGENESIS Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) → challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis → Virchow is perhaps best known for his formulation of the famous doctrine "Omnis cellula e cellula" in 1855, which means _________________________________________ 7  1/10/2025 THEORY OF BIOGENESIS Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) →Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube THEORY OF BIOGENESIS Heinrich Schroder (1810-1885) and Theodore von Dusch (1824-1890) Their experiment involved sterilizing air by passing it through a filter made of asbestos or porous material. They demonstrated that by passing air through such filters, they could remove the microorganisms present in the air, thereby preventing microbial growth in sterile media. 8  1/10/2025 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) →disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation →demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes 9  1/10/2025 →showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter-on solids, in liquids, and in the air →demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments →form the basis of ________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------ → John Tyndall (1820-1893) →Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***Tyndallization → This method involves heating a liquid to boiling point for a period of time, then allowing it to cool. The liquid is then heated again for several days in succession. 10  1/10/2025 Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) →Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY (1857-1914) Fermentation and Pasteurization Theodor Schwann → stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol Pasteur →found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: ________________________ 11  1/10/2025 → Pasteur's solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage: _____________________ → stated Souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria; in the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid) 12  1/10/2025 Germ Theory of Disease ***Microorganisms might have relationships with plants and animals---specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease Agostino Bassi → had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus Ignaz Semmelweis (1816-1865) → demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child -birth, fever ) from one obstetrical patient to another → demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease Joseph Lister (1827-1912) → introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain → applied the germ theory to medical procedures →began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution →pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments 13  1/10/2025 Robert Koch (1843-1910) → First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease →discovered ___________________ in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876) →Discovered _______________________ (1882) →first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extacts and protein → established a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease: _____________________ Koch’s Postulate 1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host 2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host grows in a pure culture 3. The same disease must be present when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4. The same organism must be isolated again from the disease host 14  1/10/2025 Collaborators of Koch Fanny Hesse (1850-1934) →suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921) →developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media Martins Beijerink (1851-1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) →developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media 15  1/10/2025 IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION Edward Jenner (1749-1823)→ embarked on an experiment to find a way to protect people from smallpox →introduced the concept of ____________ IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION ***Physicians in China→ immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected 16  1/10/2025 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and PierrePaul Emile Roux (1853-1933) →Pasteur used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture →both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria →prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) →created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur Emil von Behring (1854-1917) →prepared __________________ Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) →first to described the immune system cells and the process of _____________ 17  1/10/2025 THE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY: DREAMS OF A "MAGIC BULLET“ Chemotherapy→ treatment of disease by using chemical substances →chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer Antibiotics→ chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms Synthetic drugs → chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory THE FIRST SYNTHETIC DRUGS Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) → speculated about a bullet" that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host → found a chemotherapeutic agent called _____________________ an arsenic derivative effective against ___________ Selman Waksman (1888-1973) →discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics →regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians 18  1/10/2025 A FORTUNATE ACCIDENT- ANTIBIOTICS Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) → accidentally discovered ________________ → mold was later identified as _________________________________ Howard Florey (1898-1968) and Ernst Chain (1906-1979) →Made the purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans Edward Abraham (1913-1999) → First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin 19 1/10/2025 20 1/10/2025 21