Concept of Health, Wellness and Illness PDF

1 – Concept of Health, Wellness and Illness  reflected by blood pressure, respiratory rate, laboratory tests, etc. Health Health Beliefs...

1 – Concept of Health, Wellness and Illness  reflected by blood pressure, respiratory rate, laboratory tests, etc. Health Health Beliefs  the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of a  concepts about health that an individual believes disease or infirmity (WHO)  ex. sleeping with wet hair causes blindness Wellness Health Behavior  an active process by which the individual  actions that people take to understand their progresses towards maximum potential possible, health state, maintain an optimal level of health, regardless of the current state of health prevent illness and injury and reach their  Only the person can say if he/she is well or not maximum physical and mental health potential as wellness is subjective while health is objective Risk Factors 7 Dimensions of Wellness  conditions or a factor that increases the 1. Physical tendency or probability of a person having a 2. Social disease or being ill 3. Emotional  presence does not mean that a disease will 4. Intellectual develop, but increase the chances that the 5. Spiritual individual will experience a particular dysfunction 6. Occupational  genetic & physiological factors, age, 7. Environmental environment, lifestyle Illness  a highly personal state where the person’s Vocabulary emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or  Morbidity – Condition of being diseased. spiritual functioning diminishes  Morbidity rate – The proportion of disease to 2 major classifications health in a community.  Mortality – Condition or quality of being 1. Acute illness subject to death.  A disruption in functional ability usually  Epidemiology – Study of the health and characterized by a rapid onset, intense disease pattern, as well as its occurrence and manifestations, and a relatively short distribution in order to control and prevent duration. disease.  usually reversible o Backbone of disease prevention 2. Chronic illness  Susceptibility – The degree of resistance the  A disruption in functional ability usually potential host has against the pathogen. characterized by a gradual onset with  Etiologic agent – One that possesses the lifelong changes potential for producing injury or disease (e.g.,  Usually irreversible Streptococcus)  last a long time frequently throughout  Virulence – Describes the degree or level of the individual’s life pathogenicity of a particular microorganism and its ability to kill phagocytes by releasing toxins. Disease  Pathology – branch of medicine which deals  an alteration in body functions resulting in with the cause, nature, treatment, and resultant reduced capacities or shortening of the normal structural and functional changes of disease. life span  Sign – An objective data or objective evidence  a pathologic change in the structure and or physical manifestation made apparent by function of the body or mind special methods of examination or use of senses. Health Status  Symptom – Any disorder of appearance,  state of health of a person at a given time sensation, or function experienced by the  patient indicates a particular phase of the  health is the ability to fulfill societal roles disease.  People who can fulfill their roles are healthy o subjective in nature even if they have clinical illness. o data that are generally reported by the client upon admission 3) Adaptive Model o chief complaints  Syndrome – A group of signs & symptoms  health is a complex adaptive system which when considered together, characterize a  Health is a creative process disease.  a flexible adaptation to the environment as a  Pathogenesis – Describes how a disease whole originates and develops, including the order of  Disease is a failure in adaptation events, particularly from its inception until the  Aim of treatment: to restore the ability of the development of characteristic lesion or disease. person to adapt, that is to cope.  Diagnosis – The process of identifying or detecting the nature of a disease by recognizing manifestations exhibited and by undergoing laboratory tests/procedures.  Prognosis – Prediction of course and end of the disease o medical opinion to the outcome of the disease process described as good or bad  Recovery – Implies that a person has no observable or known after-effects from his illness.  Overt Data – data obtained through special methods and techniques of examination and are generally measurable and observable by the clinician 4) Agent, Host, and Environment Model  Also called “Ecologic Model”, originated in the Models of Health and Illness community health work of Leavell & Clark 1) Clinical Model (1965)  used in predicting the occurrence of illnesses,  The narrowest interpretation of health. rather than promoting health  Health is considered as the state of not being “sick”  health is the absence of signs and symptoms of a disease  the opposite of health is disease or injury fig. epidemiologic triad 5) Health Promotion Model  Developed by Dr. Nola Pender  defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not 2) Role Performance Model merely the absence of disease   describes the multidimensional nature of people (Lorig et al., 2016) and when they are in as they interact within their environment to attractive surroundings with peaceful colors pursue health (Slatyer et al., 2015).  The desire to improve the level of well-being  Transcendence needs refer to the need to help and achieve the full potential of one’s human others achieve self-actualization and are the health motivates the behavior in the health highest needs (McLeod, 2016). promotion model Basic Human Needs Model (Abraham Maslow)  Health protection is behavior motivated by the desire to avoid illness, detect it early, or be able A. Self-actualization to function despite the limitation caused by the The apex of fully-developed personality presence of a disease (Pender et al., 2011) B. Self-esteem C. Love and belonging needs focuses on three (3) areas: D. Safety & security 1) Individual characteristics and experiences 1. Physical safety 2) Behavior specific knowledge and affect 2. Psychological safety 3) Behavioral outcomes E. Psychological 1. Oxygen 2. Fluids 3. Nutritional 4. Body temperature 5. Elimination 6. Shelter 7. Sex 7) Health Belief Model  helps to understand patient’s perceptions, beliefs and behavior, and plan of care that will aid patients on maintaining health and preventing illness 6) Basic Human Needs Model – helps understand an individual’s motivation to achieve optimal health.  explains the basic needs of patients and families, their behaviors, and their readiness to take part in health activities.  Maslow (1970) expanded his model to include cognitive, aesthetic, and transcendence needs to incorporate needs that his original model could not explain.  In the expanded model, cognitive and aesthetic needs come between esteem and self- actualization needs (McLeod, 2016).  Acc. to Maslow (1970), cognitive and aesthetic needs help explain why patients respond better when they understand their health problems 8) Holistic Health Model 3. Quadrant 3 – Poor health in an unfavorable environment  A person’s health is affected by the relationship 4. Quadrant 4 – Emergent High Level Wellness in between the body, mind, and spirit. an unfavorable environment  intends to empower patients to engage in their recovery and assume some responsibility for b. Travis’ Illness-Wellness Continuum – Travis health maintenance (Edelman et al., 2014) developed an illness-wellness continuum that  includes a variety of techniques recognizing that ranges from high-level wellness to premature personal health choices powerfully affect an death individual’s health Holistic health views a person as a biopsychosocial and spiritual being (Edelman et al., 2014).  Holistic interventions: aromatherapy, biofeedback, breathing exercises, and guided imagery. 1) Physical 2) Mental 3) Emotional 4) Social 5) Spiritual Stages if Illness 9) Health-Illness Continuum Edward Suchman in 1965 devised an orderly approach for studying illness behavior with his elaboration of the  A scale with grids that is used to measure how five (5) key stages of illness experience: high or low a person perceive his wellness.  Health & illness or disease can be viewed as the 1. Symptoms experiences opposite ends of a health continuum.  Something is wrong  Application of folk medicine; self- a. Dunn’s High-Level Wellness Grid – medication described a health grid in which a health axis 2. Assumption of the sick role and an environmental axis intersect.  Relinquish normal roles  Request provisional validation for sick role from lay persons  Continue lay remedies 3. Medical care contact  Seek professional advice  Seek authoritative legitimation  Negotiate treatment procedures 4. Dependent client sick role  Accept professional treatment  Undergo treatment procedures for illness  Follow regimen 5. Recovery or rehabilitation  Resume normal roles Prevention  refers to specific efforts, measures, activities, interventions aimed at reducing the Dunn’s High-level Wellness and Grid Model development and severity of diseases and other morbidities. 1. Quadrant 1 – High Level Wellness in a favorable environment 2. Quadrant 2 – Protected Poor Health in a favorable environment  Levels of Prevention 2) Epidemiologic Triad  external agent can cause diseases on a Primary susceptible host when there is a  Activities that are directed at preventing a conducive environment problem before it occurs  can be applied to non-infectious  include altering susceptibility or reducing diseases where the agent could be exposure for susceptible individuals in the period “unhealthy behaviors, unsafe practices, of prepathogenesis or unintended exposures to hazardous substances.” Primary prevention consists of two categories: 3) Web of Causation Theory  To explain disease and disability caused 1. general health promotion (e.g., good nutrition, by multiple factors, MacMahon and Pugh adequate shelter, rest, exercise) and (1970) developed the concept of “chain 2. specific protection (e.g., immunization, water of causation,” later termed the “web of purification) causation.” Secondary  diseases develop from a chain of causation in which each link itself is a  Early detection of and prompt intervention for a result of complex interaction of disease or health threat during the period of preceding events. early pathogenesis. 4) Natural History of Disease  Screening for disease and immediate referral  refers to the progress of a disease and treatment are secondary prevention. process in an individual over time.  Diagnosis of a disease on its earliest stages,  In their classic model, Leavell and Clark prior the onset of signs and symptoms can be (1965) described two periods in determined by screening methods such as thenatural history of disease, mammography and regular BP testing prepathogenesis and pathogenesis. Tertiary  Prepathogenesis stage occurs prior to the interaction of the disease agent and  Managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop human host when the individual is disease progression thru measures such as susceptible. chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications.  Involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at improving their functional ability, quality of life, and life expectancy  Consists of limitation of disability and rehabilitation during the period of advanced disease and convalescence, where the disease has occurred and resulted in a degree of damage. Theories of Disease Causation 1) Germ Theory  proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch  postulates that every human disease is caused by a microbe or germ, which is specific for that disease and one must be able to isolate the microbe from the diseased human being.