Biomedical Engineering as a Career (BME 229, Fall 2024) PDF

Biomedical Engineering as a Career BME 229 Fall 2024 1  Interdisciplinary Eng. and Science Most disciplines in engineering and science are: Complicated in Nature Broad in Scope Rewarding Interdisciplinary: Involving or joining two or more of the...

Biomedical Engineering as a Career BME 229 Fall 2024 1  Interdisciplinary Eng. and Science Most disciplines in engineering and science are: Complicated in Nature Broad in Scope Rewarding Interdisciplinary: Involving or joining two or more of the disciplines or branches of science and/or engineering. 2  Interdisciplinary Eng. and Science A Typical Example Biomedical Engineering Biology/Medicine + Science/Engineering 3  Biomedical Engineering Biology: The science that studies living organisms from sub-cellular to organism levels. Medicine: The scientific study or practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases or disorders of the body or mind of a person or animal. Math/Physics/Chemistry: The science of discovering and/or understanding nature’s laws and modeling them! Engineering: The science or practice of designing and building useful products and/or methodologies! 4  Biomedical Engineering Medical Engineering: Application of engineering principles and techniques in the field of medicine. Bioengineering (Biological Engineering): Application of engineering principles and techniques in the field of biology. Biomedical Engineering: Application of engineering principles and techniques in the fields of biology and medicine. 5  Biomedical Engineering Main Specialty Areas Bioelectrics Biomechanics Biomaterials Cellular, Tissue and Genetic Engineering Medical Imaging Clinical Engineering (hospital management, development, planning, and safety) Rehabilitation Engineering Biotechnology (use of living organisms or biological processes to manufacture products) Etc. 6  Biomedical Engineering Career Options Medical devices industry (R&D; Manufacturing and Production; Regulatory and QA; Service, Maintenance, and Repair; Marketing and Sales; etc.) Biotechnology industry Hospitals/Clinics Academia Government (Regulatory, etc.) One of the fastest job growth in all engineering disciplines in developed countries. 7 Biomedical Engineering BME Science Engineering Math Electrical Physics Mechanical Biology Materials Chemistry Computer Etc. Etc. Medicine and Biology 8  Interdisciplinary Engineering and Science Keys to Success: Interdisciplinary knowledge Team-working & multi-tasking Communication and interpersonal skills 9  Biomedical Engineering as a Bridge Biomedical Engineering Engineering Biological and science and medical practice sciences and practices 10  Biomedical Engineering Rewards Biomedical engineers combine biology, medicine and engineering, and use advanced knowledge of engineering to solve medical and health-related problems Satisfaction of designing complicated devices, such as MRI, or robotic machines used in surgery that improve the well-being of patients Receiving competitive compensation 11  Pathways into Biomedical Engineering Profession A bachelor’s degree in Biomedical Eng. is required for almost all entry- level jobs. Canada and USA require licensure for engineers who offer their services directly to the public. Engineers who are licensed are called professional engineers (PEng). PEng designation generally requires a degree from an accredited engineering program, 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of an examination. Graduate training is essential for biomedical engineering faculty positions and many research and development positions, but is not required for the majority of entry-level engineering jobs. Because of the growing interest in this field, the number of degrees granted in biomedical engineering has increased greatly. Unlike many other engineering specialties, a graduate degree is recommended or required for many entry-level jobs. 12 Biomedical Engineering Job Opportunities (2010 – 2020) STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 13 Engineering Fields with High Growth in 2018 https://www.engineering.com/JobArticles/ArticleID/8486/6- Engineering-Fields-with-High-Growth.aspx 14  Mean Wages for Biomedical Engineers in 2018 in the USA (2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours. Source: Occupational Employment Statistics, United Stated Department of Labor, 2020 15  Wage Comparison Among Engineering Disciplines in 2020 For more info: http://www.mtu.edu/engineeri ng/outreach/welcome/salary/ 16  For More Information IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society http://www.embs.org/ American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering http://www.aimbe.org/ Canadian Society for Bioengineering http://www.csbe-scgab.ca/ 17  High-Technology Devices in Biomedical Eng. 18  High-tech Medical Devices High-tech Medical Imaging Devices High-tech Medical Surgery Devices High-tech Medical Laboratory Equipment 19  Global Medical Devices Market and its Growth THE GLOBAL MEDICAL DEVICES MARKET WILL REACH OVER $600 BILLION BY 2025. 20  High-tech Medical Imaging Devices What is medical imaging? Medical imaging is the visualization of body parts, tissues, or organs, for use in clinical diagnosis, treatment and disease monitoring. It is an area where high technology plays a very important role. 21 Discovery of x-ray and its application to medical imaging Nov. 1895 – X-ray discovery by Rontgen Jan. 1896 – The paper on the discovery published Jan. 1896 – Imaging needle in patient’s hand Wilhelm Röntgen – X-ray used pre-surgically Wurtzburg, Germany 1901 – Receives first Nobel Prize in Physics – Given for discovery and use of X-rays. Radiograph of the hand of Röntgen’s wife taken in 1895. 22  Developments in Medical Imaging Physicists and engineers (specially BME) have initiated most developments in medical imaging technology, rather than physicians. 1940’s - 1950’s Background laid for ultrasound and nuclear medicine imaging 1960’s Revolution in imaging – ultrasound and nuclear medicine 1970’s : The greatest step forward in radiology after Rontgen X-ray CT (Computerized Tomography) - Both 2D (projection) and 3D imaging 1980’s MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) PET ( Positron Emission Tomography) 2000’s PET/CT and PET/MRI (combined imaging) 23  Radiographic Imaging: Projection Radiography ⚫ Imaging principle: Measurements of the transmissions of X-rays through the body 24  Radiographic Imaging: Projection Radiography A chest x-ray system A digital mammography system 25 Radiographic imaging: X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Basic CT Scanner Components Gantry X-ray tube Detector Control console 26  Ultrasound Imaging A modern ultrasound scanner Prenatal ultrasound image 2D 3D 27 Ultrasound – A Portable and Affordable Imaging Modality Today’s modern portable ultrasound scanners 28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A clinical MRI scanner 29 MRI Images 30 Functional MRI (fMRI) 31  Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) SPECT and PET systems produce images of slices within the body. SPECT does this by rotating the Gamma camera around the body and using computed tomography methods to reconstruct images. 32  High-tech Medical Surgery Devices - Robotic Surgery History ⚫ 1985 – Arthrobot in Vancouver – Brain biopsy with PUMA 200 in California ⚫ 1992 - Robodoc – Milling in femur for hip replacement ⚫ 2000 - Da Vinci Surgical System – Laparoscopic procedures – Cardiac valve repair & others – St. Michael’s hospital has one 33  Da Vinci Surgical Robot ⚫ Teleoperation – Non-autonomous ⚫ Over $3000 in “consumable” parts per operation – Fairley expensive – Pretty accurate 34 Radiotherapy Devices for Cancer Treatment (Oncology) Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth/death Main Attributes: Local invasion of tissue/organ Distant spread to other tissues/organs (metastasis) Genetic changes (affecting next generations) Cancer is one of the most challenging health problems with significant mortality and morbidity in human’s life. 35  External Beam Radiotherapy Conventional external beam radiotherapy is delivered via ionizing beams using linear accelerator machines. 36 Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) Latest technology in external beam radiotherapy. It utilizes intraoperative imaging (X-ray, CT or MRI) and treatment monitoring to further enhance the treatment efficacy and safety for a wide range of tumors treatment. 37  Gamma Knife Gamma knife is a special external beam radiotherapy device used to treat brain tumors with an intensive and focused dose of radiation therapy in one treatment session (a stereotactic technique). The device contains a large number of cobalt-60 sources (e.g. 201 of them), each placed in a spherical array in a heavily shielded assembly. 38 High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU - Oncology (non-invasive tumor treatment) - Cosmetic surgery 39  Laser - Ophthalmic Surgery LASIK is a surgical procedure that uses a laser to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, and/or astigmatism. In LASIK a thin flap in the cornea is created using either a microkeratome blade or a femtosecond laser. The surgeon folds back the flap, then removes some corneal tissue underneath using a laser beam. Dr. Gholam Peyman, MD, the inventor of LASIK, a visionary biomedical engineer and inventor, at iBEST, SMH, 40 2018. Laser - Cosmetic Surgery 41  Suggested Materials for Further Studies WWW. 42