Fourth lecture Cosmic Rays PDF

Fourth lecture Cosmic rays M.Sc. Noor Abdul Ameer Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that come from outer space and interact with the Earth's atmosphere and living and non- living matter on the Earth's surface. Cosmic rays can generate nuclear and electronic changes in matter and...

Fourth lecture Cosmic rays M.Sc. Noor Abdul Ameer Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that come from outer space and interact with the Earth's atmosphere and living and non- living matter on the Earth's surface. Cosmic rays can generate nuclear and electronic changes in matter and stimulate chemical processes thus affecting the environment and living organisms ‫اﻟﺤﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎر ﮳ و ﮴ ﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻼف ﮳‬ ‫ﺣﺴ ﮵ﻤﺎت ﻋﺎﻟ ﮵ﺔ اﻟﻄﺎ ﺔ ﮴ﺄ ﮴ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻀﺎء ﮲‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ ﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ أن ﮴ﻮﻟﺪ ﮴ﻌ ﮵ﺮات‬.‫اﻟﻤﻮﺣﻮدة ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫وﻋ ﮵ﺮ اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸرض واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة و ﮴ﺤ ﺰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﮵ﺎت اﻟﻜ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﮵ﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﮵ﺆ ﮶ﺮ ﻋﲆ اﻟ ﮳ ﮵ﺌﺔ واﻟﲀ ٔﻨﺎت اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫﮲ﻮو ﮵ﺔ وإﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﮲ ﮵ﺔ‬ The effect of cosmic rays can be diverse and depends on several factors, including their energy, composition, and material exposure. This effect may include the production of nuclear and electronic changes, the generation of chemical effects in the materials, and may also have an effect on the environment and living organisms upon direct exposure, but the actual effect varies depending on the conditions, chemical composition of the materials and the level of exposure. ‫ ﮳ﻤﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺎ و ﮵ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ً ‫﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﮵ﻜﻮن ﮴ﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ و ﺪ ﮵ﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ إ ﮲ﺘﺎج ﮴ﻌ ﮵ﺮات‬.‫ذﻟﻚ ﻃﺎ ﺘﻬﺎ و ﮴ﻜﻮ ﮵ﻨﻬﺎ و ﮴ﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺪ ﮵ﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﮴ﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ و ﮴ﻮﻟ ﮵ﺪ ﮴ﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات ﻛ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﮵ﺔ‬،‫﮲ﻮو ﮵ﺔ وإﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﮲ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ إﻻ أن اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ اﻟ ﻌﲇ ﮵ ﮲‬،‫ﻋﲆ اﻟ ﮳ ﮵ﺌﺔ واﻟﲀ ٔﻨﺎت اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟ ﻌﺮض اﻟﻤ ﮳ﺎﺷﺮ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟ ﻌﺮض‬.‫اﻟﻄﺮوف واﻟﺘﺮﻛ ﮵ﺐ اﻟﻜ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺘﻼف ﮲‬ ‫﮳ ﮲‬ Here are some examples of the effects that cosmic rays can cause: 1. Generating nuclear changes in atoms, such as radioactive transformations. 2. Catalyzing chemical processes in organic and inorganic materials. 3. Increased formation of holes in semiconductor materials. 4. Effects on the genetic spectrum of living organisms. Producing secondary cosmic radiation, such as ultraviolet rays. 5. Effect on cellular reproduction and biological growth. 6. Effects on cloud formation and other weather phenomena. These examples show the variety of effects that cosmic rays can have on matter and living organisms  ‫و ﮵ﻤﺎ ﮵ﲇ ﮳ﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات اﻟﱵ ﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن‬ ‫﮴ﺴ ﮳ ﮳ﻬﺎ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬرات‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت‬ ‫‪.1‬﮴ﻮﻟ ﮵ﺪ اﻟ ﻌ ﮵ﺮات اﻟﻨﻮو ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋ ﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋ ﮵ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﮵ﺔ ﮲‬ ‫‪.2‬﮴ﺤ ﮵ﺰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﮵ﺎت اﻟﻜ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺷ ﮳ﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ز ﮵ﺎدة ﮴ﻜﻮ ﮵ﻦ اﻟ ﻮب‬ ‫‪.4‬اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄ ﮵ﻒ اﻟﻮرا ﮶ ﻟﻠﲀ ٔﻨﺎت اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ‪.‬إ ﮲ﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺴﺤ ﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ اﻟﺜﺎ ﮲ﻮي‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻮق اﻟ ﮳ﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻮي واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟ ﮳ ﮵ﻮﻟﻮ ﮳ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﲀ ﮶ﺮ ﮲‬ ‫اﻷﺣ ﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻮاﻫﺮ ﮳‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪.6‬اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات ﻋﲆ ﮴ﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫﮴ﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﮴ﻨﻮع اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات اﻟﱵ ﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﮴ﺤﺪ ﮶ﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻤﺎدة واﻟﲀ ٔﻨﺎت اﻟﺤ ﮵ﺔ‬ What is meant by the interaction of cosmic rays with matter? The interaction between cosmic rays and matter means the effect that cosmic rays exert on the atomic and molecular structures of the materials they are exposed to. This effect can include nuclear, electronic and chemical changes, and may result in effects such as producing secondary radiation, generating changes in the composition of materials, catalyzing chemical processes, etc ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤ ﺼﻮد ﮳ ﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة؟‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻋﻞ ﮳ ﮵ﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ واﻟﻤﺎدة ﮵ﻌﲏ اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ اﻟﺬي‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺰ ﮵ﱩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫﮴ﺤﺪ ﮶ﻪ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻮ ﮲ ﮵ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺮﻛ ﮵ﺐ اﻟﺬري‬ ‫ ﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﮵ﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮ ﮴ﻌ ﮵ﺮات ﮲ﻮو ﮵ﺔ‬.‫اﻟﱵ ﮴ ﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ و ﺪ ﮵ﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﮴ﺄ ﮶ ﮵ﺮات ﻣﺜﻞ إ ﮲ﺘﺎج‬،‫وإﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﮲ ﮵ﺔ وﻛ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ و ﮴ﺤ ﮵ﺰ‬،‫﮴ﺮﻛ ﮵ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ و ﮴ﻮﻟ ﮵ﺪ ﮴ﻌ ﮵ ﮵ﺮات‬،‫إﺷﻌﺎع ﮶ﺎ ﮲ﻮي‬.‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﮵ﺎت اﻟﻜ ﮵ﻤ ﮵ﺎ ٔ ﮵ﺔ‬ The interaction of gamma rays with matter is represented by their interaction with the atomic nuclei of materials. Although gamma rays have very high energy and are able to penetrate deeply into matter, they are not very interactive with ordinary matter. When gamma rays collide with the atomic nucleus of matter, reactions such as collisional nuclear reactions or emission nuclear reactions may occur. In collisional reactions, gamma rays can be absorbed by the atomic nucleus and generate thermal energy. In emission reactions, new rays may be released after the reaction such as alpha or beta rays. The interaction of gamma rays with matter is used in many applications, including medical imaging and inspection of industrial materials, where gamma rays can be measured to determine the composition and properties of materials  ‫﮴ ﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻮى اﻟﺬر ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫﮵ﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﮴ ﺎﻋﻞ أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫ﺪا و ﺎدرة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺪ ﮵ﻬﺎ ﻃﺎ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ﮵ﺔ ﮳‬ ‫ﺣ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ أن أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‪.‬ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻤﺎدة ﮳ﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬إﻻ أ ﮲ﻬﺎ ﻻ ﮴ ﺎﻋﻞ ﮳ﺸﻜﻞ ﻛ ﮳ ﮵ﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﮲‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﮳ﺎﻟﻨﻮاة اﻟﺬر ﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬ﺪ ﮴ﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎد ﮵ﺔ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﮴ﺼﻄﺪم أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫﮴ ﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻮو ﮵ﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﺪاﻣ ﮵ﺔ أو اﻟ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻮو ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣ ﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﮴ﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﻨﻮاة اﻟﺬر ﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻ ﮲ ﮳ﻌﺎ ﮶ ﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ و ﮴ﻮﻟﺪ ﻃﺎ ﺔ ﺣﺮار ﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬‫أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﮵ﺪة ﮳ﻌﺪ اﻟ ﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫﮴ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻻ ﮲ ﮳ﻌﺎث‪ ،‬ﺪ ﮵ﺘﻢ إﻃﻼق أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ ﮵ﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺤﺪم ﮴ ﺎﻋﻞ أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫أﺷﻌﺔ أﻟ ﺎ أو ﮳ ﮵ﺘﺎ‪.‬﮵‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺼﻮ ﮵ﺮ اﻟﻄﱯ و ﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄ ﮳ ﮵ ﺎت‪ ،‬﮳ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ﮵ﺪ ﮴ﺮﻛ ﮵ﺐ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ ﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﮵ﺚ ﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﮵ﺎس أﺷﻌﺔ ﮳‬ ‫وﺣﺼﺎ ٔﺼﻬﺎ‬‫﮲‬