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A History…  5 BC Pythagoras, “Animals share with us the privilege of having a soul. Alas, what wickedness to swallow flesh into our own flesh, to fatten our greedy bodies by cramming in other bodies, to have one living creature fed by the death of another!”  13th Century St. Thomas Aquinas: Animal...

A History…  5 BC Pythagoras, “Animals share with us the privilege of having a soul. Alas, what wickedness to swallow flesh into our own flesh, to fatten our greedy bodies by cramming in other bodies, to have one living creature fed by the death of another!”  13th Century St. Thomas Aquinas: Animals do not have a soul, but warned cruelty to animals would lead to cruelty to people  17th Century Rene Descartes: Animals do not have a soul and should not be subjects of moral concern  1641 MA Law against “Tirranny or Crueltie” towards Animals   Jeremy Bentham: Proponent of Animal Welfare  1789 ‘“The question is not, Can they reason?, nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer? Why should the law refuse its protection to any sensitive being?”  1825: “I never have seen, nor ever can see, any objection to the putting of dogs and other inferior animals to pain, in the way of medical experiment, when that experiment has a determinate object, beneficial to mankind, accompanied with a fair prospect of the accomplishment of it.” 1835: Queen Victoria supported the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals A History…  1959: 3R’s Originally Introduced  Peter Singer   1977: Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals  1999: credited with ‘birthing’ animal rights movement  Princeton University Professor 1965: Discussion on differences between Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Advocates A History…  1966: David DeGrazia ”Don’t cause unnecessary harm”….“An explicit ethical framework can improve science, improve animal welfare and improve public acceptance,” …“We can pursue the objectives of science while making those goals compatible with animals having decent lives.”…  1965: Sports Illustrated article on Pepper  1966: Animal Welfare Act First Published The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals       Reference Guide For Performance Standards And Published Data First edition in 1963 Current Edition: 8th Edition from 2011 Updates & Revisions Occurring now for next edition Widely Accepted as Standard of Care OLAW and AAALAC use as a basis for their standards, program reviews, and/or inspections 4 Animal Welfare Act       United States Federal Law Official Name: U.S. Code, Title 7, Sections 2131 et seq. (7 USC 2131 et seq.) Popular Name: Animal Welfare Act, AWA First passed in 1966 Last Update-Reprinting July 2023 Purpose: “treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard” 5 Oversight Statistics  2021:  11,785 licensees & registrants responsible for 1.4 million AWA-covered animals  7,670 AWA Inspections with 1,2777 unannounced  2022  Opened 254 cases against violators  Issued 205 official warnings  Suspended 3 facilities for 21 days  January 2023: 98 Animal Welfare Operations Inspectors  65 Veterinary Medical Officers  33 Animal Care Inspectors 6 Animal Welfare Act History 1966 Authored to prevent pets from being stolen Regulated the care & handling of dogs, cats, & other laboratory animals Covered 6 animals in research: dogs, cats, NHPs, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits 1970 Changed name to AWA Included government oversight setup Clarified animals covered include live OR dead 1976 1985 1990 Made all areas animal fighting illegal New minimum standards of care for handling, housing, feeding, water, sanitation, ventilation, etc. Added exercise requirement for dogs Added psychological well-being for NHPs Extended pet protections Specified new recordkeeping practices 7 Animal Welfare Act History 2002 Amendments coupled with 2002 farm bill Made bird fighting illegal Animal definition was changed, but not fully enforced until 2023 2008 Amendments coupled with 2008 farm bill Penalties related to animal fighting and violation became greater and explicit Importation, Resales of Dogs restrictions updated 2013 2014 Dealer & Retail Pet Store definitions more defined in an effort to combat internet sales & People trying to circumvent oversight & regulation Explicitly banned Animal Fighting Exhibitions Updated ‘de minimis’ standard for dealer and exhibitor registration & licensing APHIS has not published/cleared ‘de minimis’ update Automatic License renewal ceased for dealers, exhibitors Congress attempting to require USDA APHIS to develop regulations to facilitate adoption/retirement of federal research animals no longer needed for research (HR 5244/S 1378) 2020-2023 Bird coverage change AWA: Change in Bird Coverage Effective 2023: It’s complicated Individuals and businesses that sell birds, exhibit them to the public, transport them commercially, or use them in research may need to be licensed or registered under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Our inspectors conduct unannounced visits to licensed or registered facilities where they review all areas of care and treatment covered under the law. We understand individuals may have some questions about USDA’s procedures for inspecting avian species at their facilities. Must we comply? https://efile.aphis.usda.gov/LRAssistant/s/ AWA Animal Oversight        Subpart A: Dogs & Cats Subpart B: Guinea Pigs & Hamsters Subpart C: Rabbits Subpart D: Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) Subpart E: Marine Mammals Subpart F: Other Covered Animals Subpart G: Birds *new 2023* 10 Animal Welfare Act      Enforcement by USDA via APHIS Facilities Must submit an Annual Report Unannounced inspections at least once a year All information on file (Inspection & Annual Reports) viewable with FOIA So who must Register 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  Research Facilities with the covered animals Zoos Dealers Exhibitors Roadside Exhibition/Zoos Circuses/Carnivals/Animal Acts Educational exhibits Petting zoos Public walk-in Aviaries Excluded 1. 2. 3. Retail Pet Stores Shelters Breeders where sale includes face to face 11 Basics of AWA     Use of professionally acceptable standards though some items do vary from Guide related to housing and environment Animal Transport, Procurement, Identification Standards Record Keeping Standards Attending Veterinarian           Accredited Provides Health Certificates Consulted for all procedure that may cause pain/distress Ensure appropriate use of drugs Training Requirement for Personnel IACUC composition & Responsibilities Program of Veterinary Care Rules of exercise for dogs and psychological wellbeing program for NHPs No more than 1 major operative procedure, unless scientifically justified Provisions for Class B/C Dealers 12 Animal Welfare Act Rule of Thumb for What is NOT Covered WARM BLOODED animals live/dead EXCEPT bird, mice of mus, rat of rattus BRED for used in research Official Wording for Animal “Animal means any live or dead dog, cat, nonhuman primate, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or any other warmblooded animal, which is being used, or is intended for the use for research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet. This term excludes birds, rats of the genus Rattus, and mice of the genus Mus, bred for use in research; horses not used for research purposes; and other farm animals, such as, but not limited to, livestock or poultry used or intended for use as food or fiber, or livestock or poultry used or intended for use for improving animal nutrition, breeding, management, or production efficiency, or for improving the quality o of food or fiber. This term also excludes falconry. With respect to a dog the term means all dogs, including those used for hunting, security, or breading purposes.” (CFR 1.1)