Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes PDF

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes What type of house would you prefer? How can you describe a “perfect” house? 2 Like the different types of houses, different organisms also have varying types of cells. 3 These cells also contain different structures that...

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes What type of house would you prefer? How can you describe a “perfect” house? 2 Like the different types of houses, different organisms also have varying types of cells. 3 These cells also contain different structures that all contribute to the normal functions necessary for life, just like houses. 4 How can you differentiate a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? 5  The Two Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell This can be compared to a studio-type of a condominium unit because of the lack of compartments. Overview of a prokaryotic cell 6  The Two Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic organisms are metabolically diverse because they can utilize different nutrients and energy sources and they can inhabit all types of Overview of a prokaryotic cell environment on Earth. 7  The Two Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell All bacteria that include the organisms of domains Archaea and Bacteria are considered as prokaryotes. Overview of a prokaryotic cell 8  The Two Types of Cell Eukaryotic Cell This is comparable to a mansion which has several rooms or compartments. Overview of a eukaryotic cell 9  The Two Types of Cell Eukaryotic Cell Domain Eukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals, is eukaryotic. Overview of a eukaryotic cell 10  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Presence of Cell wall and cell Nucleus membrane Distinguishing Features (cellular parts) Endomembrane and Ribosome other organelles 11  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Presence of Nucleus Cell wall and cell membrane Endomembrane and other organelles Ribosome The genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotes. 12  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell wall Cell wall Presence of Nucleus of eukaryotes of prokaryotes Cell wall and cell present in most membrane eukaryotic cells (these are present in almost all not found in animals and prokaryotic cells Endomembrane and most protists) other organelles Cell wall is either made up Cell wall is made up of of cellulose as in plants Ribosome peptidoglycan. and chitin in fungi. 13  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell membrane Cell membrane Presence of Nucleus of eukaryotes of prokaryotes Cell wall and cell The sterols that are They do not have membrane present in the cell sterols in the cell membrane are membrane but have a Endomembrane and cholesterol (animals), sterol-like lipid other organelles phytosterol (plants) and component called ergosterol (fungi). hopanoid. Ribosome 14  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Presence of Nucleus Endomembrane system Cell wall and cell It includes the rough and smooth membrane endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, endosome, and Endomembrane and vacuole. other organelles It is present in eukaryotic cells, but not Ribosome in prokaryotic cells. 15  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Ribosome Ribosome Presence of Nucleus of eukaryotes of prokaryotes Cell wall and cell Ribosomes can be membrane found in the cytoplasm, outer nuclear All ribosomes are found Endomembrane and membrane, rough other organelles in the cytoplasm. endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, and Ribosome chloroplast. 16  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Ribosome Ribosome Presence of Nucleus of eukaryotes of prokaryotes Cell wall and cell Eukaryotes have 80S membrane ribosomes Prokaryotes have 70S (mitochondria, and ribosomes. Endomembrane and chloroplast contain 70S other organelles ribosomes) Ribosome 17 The DNA structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is different from one another. Will it affect the process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation? If so, how? If not, why did you say so? 18  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of Number of Cell Size DNA Chromosome Other Distinguishing Features Mode of DNA Transcription Reproduction Replication and Translation  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of chromosome Chromosome number Chromosome number Cell size in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Mode of more than one linear one covalent, closed, reproduction DNA with histone circular DNA DNA replication Transcription and Translation 20  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of chromosome Cell size Mode of reproduction DNA replication Transcription and Translation In eukaryotes, the DNA is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes. 21  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Chromosome number Chromosome number Number of in eukaryotes in prokaryotes chromosome Eukaryotes have more Cell size than one chromosome so Most prokaryotes have histones are essential in only one chromosome Mode of packaging DNA into and an reproduction nucleosomes and helping extrachromosomal DNA replication it to condense into DNA called a plasmid. chromatin. Transcription and Translation 22  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of chromosome Cell size Mode of reproduction DNA replication Transcription and Translation Relative sizes of bacteria (prokaryote), plant cell (eukaryote), and animal cell (eukaryote) 23  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of Mode of reproduction Mode of reproduction chromosome in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size Most prokaryotic cells In eukaryotic cells, reproduce through Mode of individual cells reproduction binary fission and reproduce through some reproduce DNA replication mitosis and meiosis. through spores. Transcription and Translation 24  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of chromosome Cell size Mode of reproduction DNA replication Transcription and Translation Eukaryotic cells undergoing mitosis 25  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of DNA replication DNA replication chromosome in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size Eukaryotic cells have DNA replication occurs multiple points of origin Mode of in two opposing reproduction and use unidirectional directions at the same replication within the DNA replication time in the cytoplasm. nucleus. Transcription and Translation 26  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of DNA replication DNA replication chromosome in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size Telomerase is involved Prokaryotic cells do not in the replication of have telomeres so Mode of reproduction telomeres of the telomerase is not eukaryotic present and involved in DNA replication chromosome. their DNA replication. Transcription and Translation 27  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of DNA replication DNA replication chromosome in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size Eukaryotes only replicate their DNA Prokaryotes Mode of reproduction during the S-phase of continuously replicate interphase in cell their short DNA. DNA replication division. Transcription and Translation 28  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Number of Transcription and Transcription and chromosome translation translation in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size The transcription occurs Transcription and Mode of reproduction in the nucleus and the translation can be done translation occurs in the at the same time in the DNA replication cytoplasm. cytoplasm. Transcription and Translation 29  Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Shape of DNA Transcription and Transcription and Number of translation translation chromosome in eukaryotes in prokaryotes Cell size No post-transcriptional Post-transcriptional processing because the Mode of processing is done in reproduction DNA of prokaryotes eukaryotes to remove does not have a DNA replication introns and come up non-coding part called with the final RNA. Transcription and introns. Translation 30 An unknown cell is discovered in a sulfur-rich area. The cell is about 750 µm in size but there are no partitions or compartments inside the cell. What type of cell is the unknown cell? 31 Write P if the statement applies to prokaryotes, E if it describes a eukaryote, and B if the statement is applicable for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 1. It has a circular genetic material. 2. Sterols are embedded in the cell membrane. 3. The process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm. 4. The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan. 5. It undergoes binary fission to produce new cells. 32 Answer the questions correctly in 2-3 sentences only. 1. Discuss the importance of histones in a skin cell. 2. Compare and contrast bacterial cell wall and plant cell wall. 3. Describe the genetic material of Lactobacillus casei. 33  Cells are classified into two types: prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. ○ Prokaryotic cells are found in prokaryotic organisms while eukaryotic cells are found in eukaryotic organisms. Examples of prokaryotes are Archaeans and Bacteria. Examples of eukaryotes are plants, animals, fungi, and protists. 34  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells vary in terms of presence of nucleus, endomembrane system, cell wall and cell membrane, ribosome, shape of DNA and number of chromosome, cell size, DNA replication, transcription and translation, and mode of reproduction. 35 Why are mutations more common in prokaryotic cells than in eukaryotic cells? 36