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# Irrational Beliefs | Irrational Belief | Description | Examples | |---|---|---| | **Black or White** | Some people see the world as black or white, oversimplifying things. They believe everything is either right or wrong. | People who do not do well in school will not do well in life. | | **Catas...

# Irrational Beliefs | Irrational Belief | Description | Examples | |---|---|---| | **Black or White** | Some people see the world as black or white, oversimplifying things. They believe everything is either right or wrong. | People who do not do well in school will not do well in life. | | **Catastrophising** | Some people amplify the negative side of things. They believe the consequences will be too horrible to bear. | If I can't get full marks in the exam, I will not be able to enter a prestigious university, and my life will be worthless. | | **Emotional Reasoning** | Some people cannot analyze things calmly or objectively. They decide on their thoughts based on feelings alone. | In short, I got up in the morning and felt upset. I knew nothing would go well today. | | **Fortune-telling** | Some people predict all kinds of dangers in the future and believe things will only get worse. | They won't like me. They won't accept me. They will reject me or even harm me. | | **Labelling** | Some people summarize themselves or others with negative labels. | I'm a poor and unloved person. | | **Absolute Thinking** | Some people describe how things will happen based on their emotions instead of the actual real situation. They often use the words "always," "definitely," "absolutely," or "must." | I must get 100 points; otherwise, I will be a loser. | | **Overgeneralisation** | Some people summarize the whole situation with one negative event. | This happened to me because I was born an unfortunate person. | | **Focusing on Negative Information** | Some people focus on negative information, ignoring, understating, or misunderstanding the good side of things. | Everyone got a prize. So it's no big deal for me to get one, let alone a consolation prize that nobody cares. | | **Self-blaming** | Some people blame themselves as the direct or indirect cause for everything bad. They tend to take the responsibility and believe it is their fault. They ignore the responsibility of others. | It's my fault that my parents divorced. | **Note:** The table above summarizes the irrational beliefs and their descriptions with examples from the document. The examples show how these beliefs manifest in day-to-day thinking.