GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS 2024/2025 PDF

GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) G. Bitelli Mapping and monitoring Geomatics for Urban and Reg...

GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) G. Bitelli Mapping and monitoring Geomatics for Urban and Regional Analysis a changing world Introduction to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) From the evolution of geospatial techniques to the Just georeferencing and development of information systems for the territory spatially correlating available data can be essential for A system for the knowledge and understanding a phenomenon need for local knowledge management of the territory awareness of the importance of global analyzes increasing availability of data and technologies ability to develop complex software knowledge "Everything is related to information everything else, but near things are more related than data distant things." -- Tobler's First Law of Geography Many GIS definitions… What is and what is not a Geographic Information System Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes (Burrough, 1986) A GIS Geographic information systems (GIS) are automated systems for the capture, storage, is not (only) retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (Turk, 1992). a tool for producing / managing cartography A geographic information system is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates (Star and Estes, 1990). with automatic modes and with the computer A GIS can be seen as a system of hardware, software and procedures designed to but it is also (above all) support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modelling and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems a tool for analyzing the territory using techniques (Goodchild and Kemp, 1990). operating on a geographical database A GIS is a computer-based system, consisting of hardware, software, data and applications. It is used for digital capturing, editing, storage, management, modelling, analysis and both numerical and graphical presentation of spatial data (Bill and Fritsch, 1991). GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data (Abler, 1988) A geographic information system may be defined as a How is GIS used? computer-based information system which attempts to capture, store, manipulate, analyse and display spatially DICAM referenced and associated tabular attribute data, for solving DICAM complex research, planning and management problems Università Università di Bologna (Fischer and Nijkamp, 1993). di Bologna GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) 1 G. Bitelli  GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) G. Bitelli GIS and business GIS applications: endless! The industry related to GIS has an estimated turnover of over 7 billion dollars, if we consider: Software Data Services 5 “M” Publishing Mapping Training Measuring Monitoring Modeling Managing DICAM Università di Bologna The differences in respect to CAD A GIS schema A CAD system... Geometrical database A lot of information is It is basically a tool for automating drawing tasks managed for each entity: Topographical survey GNSS survey Allows you to manipulate numerical cartography in the form of geometry and position Digitizing from existing maps drawings Scanning existing maps It can associate, in a limited way, attributes to geometric Satellite Remote Sensing Aerophotogrammetric survey with respect to a reference elements Digital orthophoto Digital Terrain Model Alphanumerical database system (= georeferencing Relational databases It has a generally simplified data model compared to a GIS Existing numerical map Tabular text data data) It does not allow spatial operations on data (e.g. intersection topological relationships between different levels) Data input Structuring and efficient storage with other entities (e.g. It does not allow to establish spatial topological relationships Query on Data adjacency, inclusion, between entities (e.g. inclusion, connection, contiguity) geometric / alphanumeric Central core processing and analysis intersection, connection) database Output data production alphanumeric attributes Arc-node topology: Arc-Polygon not dependent on A B connected arcs Topology: Adjacent geometry or position DICAM have a common polygons share an DICAM Printed report Data analytics New map (temporal attributes) Università arc in common Università di Bologna node di Bologna Topological spatial relationhips What questions can a GIS answer? Typical spatial relationships Where is object A located? between spatial entities What is at the coordinate point (X, Y)? Where is A in relation to B? How many occurrences of objects of type A are there within a distance d of B? What is the value of the Z function at position (X, Y)? What are the dimensions of A (perimeter, area)? What is the result of the intersection of two or more different types of data (thematic)? What is the path of least length / cost / strength between two points? Major relationships between spatial entities of different Which objects are next to one or more selected objects? types and the spatial analysis that can be performed on them Select objects that have one or more attributes Reclassify objects based on the value of one or more attributes Simulates the effect of a process P on a certain scenario along a time DICAM DICAM interval Università (Gao, 2022) Università di Bologna di Bologna GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) 2 G. Bitelli  GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) G. Bitelli From data georeferencing to thematic maps Geographic data and their automatic processing the territory is infinitely complex and normally described by different geometric and alphanumeric data a geographic database represents a "view" of the real world created through a numerical representation (model) of real and even artificial objects very heterogeneous data are converted into digital form, structured and integrated with each other The delimitation of the areas with the data must be as complete and accurate as possible in different postal code relation to the purposes of the intended application (ZIP) is a convenient selection of the most suitable data and acquisition way to summarize the data expressed technologies in point form on the updating by automatic acquisition techniques are not always the left (density per unit most advantageous area) data acquisition can be the bottleneck in a project and can DICAM DICAM represent up to 80% of the cost of an implementation! Università Università di Bologna di Bologna Different «views» on data, graphics and contents Urban planning Building Maintenance In relation to the nominal scale and Traffic and dimensionality of the data… transportation Environment Productive activities In relation to uses and users / sectors: Health care Who enters the data Statistics Who can consult them Demographic Who can change them services Who keeps them Asset management Public works Municipal companies Other Entities Cadaster Sistema Informativo Territoriale Municipality of Bologna GEOMATICS FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS (2024/2025) 3 G. Bitelli