The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 2024 PDF

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems TERMINOLOGY STRUCTURES, COMBINING FORMS, AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS - Overview 2  FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The three main functions of the lymphatic system; ○ 1. Abs...

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems TERMINOLOGY STRUCTURES, COMBINING FORMS, AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS - Overview 2  FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The three main functions of the lymphatic system; ○ 1. Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine. ○ 2. Remove waste products from the tissues, and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens. ○ 3. Return filtered lymph to the veins 3  Interstitial fluid (in-ter-STISH-al), also known as intercellular or tissue fluid ○ About 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream, Lymph is made up of the remaining 10%. ○ Lymph also removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, which are located along lymphatic vessels. 4 Lymph Nodes Each small, bean-shaped node like tissues Contains specialized lymphocytes ○ Destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells. 400 and 700 lymph nodes located along the larger lymphatic vessels ○ Abdominal lymph nodes ○ Cervical lymph nodes (SER-vih-kal) along the sides of the neck ○ Axillary lymph nodes (AK-sih-lar-ee); located under the arms (the armpits) ○ Inguinal lymph nodes (ING-gwih-nal); located in the inguinal (groin) 5 Lymph capillaries begin as blind-ended tubes. Lymph enters between the cells of the capillary wall and flows into progressively larger lymphatic vessels. 6  Lymphocytes (LIM-foh-sights), also known as lymphoid cells; leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells ○ Three types of lymphocytes: natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and T cells. Natural killer cells (NK cells); the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses. B Cells (B lymphocytes); specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. ○ Plasma cells develop from B cells and secrete antibodies T cells (T lymphocytes); ‘T’ , origin in the thymus, cell-mediated immunity. Cytokines (SIGH-toh-kyens); a group of proteins (interferons, interleukins) released primarily by the T cells. ○ Interferons (in-ter-FEAR-onz) (IFNs); Activate the immune system ○ Interleukins (in-ter-LOO-kinz); direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate. 7  The tonsils (TON-sils); a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat ○ Prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth. The adenoids (AD-eh-noids) (the nasopharyngeal tonsils); located in the nasopharynx (the upper part of the pharynx) Waldeyer's ring The palatine tonsils (PAL-ah-tine); located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth. ○ Palatine; the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth. The lingual tonsils (LING-gwal); located at the base of the tongue; not readily visible. ○ Lingual means pertaining to the tongue. 8  The thymus (THIGH-mus); a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart ○ Reaches its greatest size at puberty ○ Becomes smaller with age. ○ Stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells The spleen; a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue ○ Located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen ○ Inferior to (below) the diaphragm ○ Posterior to (behind) the stomach ○ Filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. ○ Has the hemolytic (hee-moh-LIT-ick); Destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse 9  An antigen-antibody reaction; the immune reaction ○ Involves binding antigens to antibodies. ○ Labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. An antigen (AN-tih-jen); any substance that the body regards as being foreign. ○ Includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues. Tolerance; an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. An antibody (AN-tih-bod-ee); a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen. ○ The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. 10  Phagocytes (FAG-oh-sights); specialized leukocytes ○ Destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis ○ Surround and swallow them. ○ Include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. A macrophage (MACK-roh-fayj); a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells Immunity; the state of being resistant to a specific disease. ○ Natural immunity (passive immunity); Present at birth ○ Acquired immunity; obtained by having a contagious disease or vaccine. Also, vaccination by a vaccine propagate acquired immunity. 11  MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS An allergist (AL-er-jist) specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions. An immunologist (im-you-NOL-oh-jist) specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system An oncologist (ong-KOL-oh-jist) is a physician specializing in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer (onc,mean tumor, and -ologist means specialist). 12 PATHOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM An allergic reaction; immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader. An allergy, also known as hypersensitivity; an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen. For allergic rhinitis, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens An allergen (AL-er-jen); a substance that produces an allergic reaction. A localized allergic response, also known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. A systemic reaction, which is also described as anaphylaxis (an-ah-fih-LACK-sis) or as anaphylactic shock; a severe response to an allergen, the symptoms of this response develop quickly, without prompt medical aid, the patient can die within a few minutes. A scratch test; a diagnostic test to identify allergens such as pollen. Swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction Antihistamines; medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergies. 13 A severe anaphylactic allergic reaction involves several body systems and requires prompt treatment. 14  An autoimmune disorder (aw-toh-ih-MYOUN), aka an autoimmune disease; the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens. An immunodeficiency disorder (im-you-noh-deh-FISH-en-see); when the immune response is compromised (weakened or not functioning properly) HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes AIDS ○ A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system ○ Risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections Immunosuppression; to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system 15