04 RESPIRATORY_SYSTEM_NMS.pptx

NAAN MUDHALVAN UPSKILLING PLATFORM  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES  SYNOPSIS  Introduction/Definition  Pulmonology  Pulmonologist  Anatomy and Physiology  Flowchart  Pathology Of Respiratory System  Diagnostic Tests...

NAAN MUDHALVAN UPSKILLING PLATFORM  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES  SYNOPSIS  Introduction/Definition  Pulmonology  Pulmonologist  Anatomy and Physiology  Flowchart  Pathology Of Respiratory System  Diagnostic Tests  Medical Terms & Abbrevations  ICD And CPT Codes  INTRODUCTION Pulmonology A Branch Of Medicine That Specializes In Diagnosing And Treating Diseases Of The Lungs And Other Parts Of The Respiratory System. Pulmonologist Is A Physician Who Specializes In The Respiratory System. From The Windpipe To The Lungs. Definiton: The Process Of Exchange Of Gases Is Called As Respiration, Respiration Is An Involuntary Activity Involves In Inhalation And Exhalation Of O2 And Co2 Respectively. The System Consists Of 2 Major Units. The Respiratory Passage And A Respiratory Organ.  RESPIRATORY PASSAGE Respiratory Passage: It Takes Air From The Atmosphere Through Nostrils. Nostrils, Nasal Cavity, Pair Of Internal Nares, Naso-pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Branches Of Bronchi On The Lung Surface (Alveoli)  RESPIRATORY TRACT The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts: UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT External nostrils – For the intake of air. Nasal chamber – which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air from dust and dirt. Pharynx – It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and food. Internal nares: posterior opening of nasal cavity that leads to nasopharynx Nasopharynx: It contains the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, which are collections of lymphatic tissue. They are more prominent in children and, if enlarged, can obstruct air passageways.  RESPIRATORY TRACT Larynx–contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support The Thyroid cartilage is the largest and in men is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple, As expelled air passes the vocal cords, they vibrate to produce sounds.. Epiglottis – A flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue, prevents choking or aspiration of food. It acts as a lid over the opening of the larynx. During swallowing, when food and liquid move through the throat, the epiglottis closes over the larynx, preventing material from entering the lungs Paranasal sinuses - Hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity - produces mucus- a lubricating fluid Trachea – It is a long tube passing through the mid-thoracic cavity. The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding.  RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Bronchi – The trachea divides into left and right bronchi. Bronchioles – Each bronchus leads to a separate lung where it divides and subdivides into smaller and finer tubes, somewhat like the branches of a tree - called bronchioles Alveoli – Each terminal bronchiole narrows into alveolar ducts, which end in collections of air sacs called alveoli. This very thin wall permits an exchange of gases between the alveolus and the capillary surrounding it. Blood flowing through the capillary accepts oxygen from the alveolus while depositing carbon dioxide into the alveolus. Erythrocytes in the blood carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation Lungs – Humans have a pair of lungs, which are sac-like structures and covered by a double- layered membrane known as pleura.  PLEURA Each lung is covered by a double membrane, called the pleurae (pleura) The visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lung The parietal pleura attaches to the thoracic cavity The space between parietal and visceral layer is called pleural space / pleural cavity The pleural cavity is filled with pleural fluid. PLEURA RESPIRATORY FLOW CHART  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS The functions of the human respiratory system are as follows: INHALATION AND EXHALATION: The respiratory system helps in breathing (also known as pulmonary ventilation.) The air inhaled through the nose moves through the pharynx, larynx, trachea and into the lungs. The air is exhaled back through the same pathway. Changes in the volume and pressure in the lungs aid in pulmonary ventilation.  EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN LUNGS AND BLOODSTREAM: Inside the lungs, the oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit respectively through millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli. The inhaled oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries, binds to haemoglobin and is pumped through the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is expelled through exhalation.  DISEASE CONDITION Asthma. Your airways are constantly inflamed and may spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma symptoms. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). With this lung condition, you can’t exhale the way you usually would, which causes trouble breathing. Emphysema. Lung Damage Allows Air To Be Trapped In Your Lungs In This Form Of COPD. Trouble Blowing Air Out Is Its Hallmark  Acute Bronchitis. This Sudden Infection Of Your Airways Is Usually Caused By A Virus. Cystic Fibrosis. With This Condition, You Have Trouble Clearing Mucus Out Of Your Bronchi. This Leads To Repeated Lung Infections.  LUNG DISEASES AIR SACS (ALVEOLI) Your airways branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that end in clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of your lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting your alveoli include: Pneumonia. An infection of your alveoli, usually by bacteria or viruses, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Tuberculosis Pneumonia that slowly gets worse, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  LUNG DISEASES Pulmonary edema. Fluid leaks out of the small blood vessels of your lung into the air sacs and the area around them. One form is caused by heart failure and back pressure in your lungs' blood vessels. In another form, injury to your lung causes the leak of fluid. Lung cancer. It has many forms and may start in any part of your lungs. It most often happens in the main part of your lung, in or near the air sacs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is a severe, sudden injury to the lungs from a serious illness. COVID-19 is one example. Many people who have ARDS need help breathing from a machine called a ventilator until their lungs recover.  LUNG DISEASES INTERSTITIUM & BLOOD VESSELS The interstitium is the thin, delicate lining between your alveoli. Tiny blood vessels run through the interstitium and let gas transfer between the alveoli and your blood. Various lung diseases affect the interstitium: Interstitial lung disease (ILD). This is a group of lung conditions that includes sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune disease. Pneumonia and pulmonary edema can also affect your interstitium. The right side of your heart gets low-oxygen blood from your veins. It pumps blood into your lungs through the pulmonary arteries. These blood vessels can have diseases, as well.  LUNG DISEASES Pulmonary embolism(PE). A blood clot (usually in a deep leg vein, called deep vein thrombosis) breaks off, travels to your heart, and gets pumped into your lungs. The clot sticks in a pulmonary artery, often causing shortness of breath and low blood oxygen levels. Pulmonary hypertension. Many conditions can cause high blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath and chest pain. If your doctor can’t find a cause, they’ll call it idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. LUNG DISEASES  LUNG DISEASES PLEURA & CHEST WALL The pleura is the thin lining that surrounds your lung and lines the inside of your chest wall. A tiny layer of fluid lets the pleura on your lung's surface slide along the chest wall with each breath. Lung diseases of the pleura include: Pleural effusion. Fluid collects in the space between your lung and the chest wall. Pneumonia or heart failure usually causes this. Large pleural effusions can make it hard to breathe and may need to be drained. Pneumothorax. Air may get into the space between your chest wall and the lung, collapsing the lung.  MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Adenoid/O- Adenoids Cyan/O- Blue Alveol/O- Alveolus Epiglott/O- Epiglottis Bronch/O- Bronchial tube Laryng/O- Voice box Bronchiol/O- Bronchiole Lob/O- Lobe of the lung Capn/O- Carbon dioxide Coni/O- Dust  MEDICAL ABBREVATION ABGS Arterial Blood Gases DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus—Toxoids For Vaccination Of Infants, To Provide Immunity To These Diseases BAL Broncho Alveolar Lavage CO2 Carbon Dioxide COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease —Airway Obstruction Associated With Emphysema And Chronic Bronchitis CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ICU Intensive Care Unit CTPA Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography CXR Chest X-Ray [Film]  ICD CODES Bradypnea-R06.89 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-J44. 9 Chronic cough-R05.3 Cystic fibrosis, unspecified -E84.9 Emphysema, unspecified -J43.9 CPT PROCEDURE CODES Endotracheal intubation-31500 Laryngoscopy,flexible;diagnostic-31575