The Politics of Globalization PDF

THE POLITICS OF GLOBALIZATION __________________________________________________________ FRANCIS GABRIEL O. SANTOS, M.A.  States and Globalization The rise of CIVILIZATIONS have fueled different levels of internationalization. CIVILIZATIONS tend to create empires which defin...

THE POLITICS OF GLOBALIZATION __________________________________________________________ FRANCIS GABRIEL O. SANTOS, M.A.  States and Globalization The rise of CIVILIZATIONS have fueled different levels of internationalization. CIVILIZATIONS tend to create empires which define global/international affairs. GREEK, MACEDONIAN, ROMAN, etc. – ushered growth either by trade or conquest. This is an initial start of the GLOBALIZATION story based on GLOBALISM. GLOBALISM is the defining core of GLOBALIZATION. Joseph Nye describes it as “networks of connections that span multi continental distances.” THIN GLOBALISM VS THICK GLOBALISM Thin Globalism – the initial Thick Globalism – density of phase of interconnection but the networks of connection is the density of connection is still immense. limited. There is an increase reliance among nations, communities, Ex. Silk Road connected the East and economies. and West, limited to trade. Characterizes the level of Impact is felt by small groups. interconnection in the 21st Not large amount of interaction. century. Greater socio-economic impact, cultural transfers, and supply chain reliance. GLOBALIZATION is defined by POWER. History has always vested the powerful with the advantage in international affairs. Most of the powerful nations tend to have a level of control in the different types of GLOBALISM. Economic, Political, Military, and Cultural Richer and most armed nations tend to define the global order. E.g. United States Nye’s types of POWER HARD POWER SOFT POWER Direct type of power. Culture as means of attraction. Carrots and sticks approach. Hollywood effect Military – brute force (sticks) Films, music, language, etc. Economic – sanctions and American films, Japanese rewards (carrots) Anime, Korean Drama/K-Pop SMART POWER combination of the two types of power Power Dynamics The Modern State is based on the Westphalian model which recognizes the sovereignty and existence of nation-states. This Westphalian model is the cornerstone of the modern International Relations Order—consist of independent sovereign states. The existing IR Order is still dependent on the power of states. USA as the lone* superpower still has a huge say in many aspects of global trade and politics. China is an emerging power and is starting to create a niche in global politics and economics. Middle powers – nations with economic and political means to dominate certain aspect of global trade and politics. 21st Century Globalization and the Nation-State Since the end of the Cold War, globalization has become even thicker. Trade became freer with the removal of tariffs or quotas (trade barriers). Borders have become thinner as more people travel across countries. Development of a complex supply chain. Nintendo Switch’s components are manufactured by countries like Malaysia, the Philippines, China, and Japan. Ubisoft’s Assassin’s Creed franchise is developed by different sub- studios based in Hungary, the Philippines, China, and others. The Challenge to the Nation-State The higher level of trade and interdependence among nations have created an increasingly multipolar world. The West is not the overall masters of the world anymore. According to Joseph Quinlan, the East is now becoming more prominent since 2008 (post US and Euro Crisis). The traditional borders of power, culture, and economy is now becoming less occidental, and more oriental. The Westphalian model is now being challenged by the new norm of Globalization.