Psychological Perspective of the Self PDF

01/10/2024 Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state,...

01/10/2024 Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. 1 2 The “Self”, as one of the foundations of human Psychology of Self behavior, is one of the central subjects of psychology. It focuses on the representation of an It is defined in psychology as “our sense of individual based on his/her experiences personal identity and of who we are as in home, school, other groups, individuals.” Psychology explains self by organizations or affiliations. focusing on the individual and the cognitive functions at the same time recognizing other factors that contributes to its development. 1. The Self as a Cognitive Construction 2. The Self as Proactive and Agentic 3 4 1  01/10/2024 The Self as a Cognitive Construction It is a cognitive approach that focuses on I. the mental processes rather than the THE SELF AS A observable behavior. COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION 5 6 It explores the intricate relationship between cognition and the self. It examines how our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences shape our understanding of who we are. It refers to our individual awareness of ourselves as distinct entities. This includes our unique thoughts, feelings, memories, and beliefs. 7 8 2  01/10/2024 Self-awareness Self-concept Self-esteem Definition: The ability to Definition: The overall Definition: The recognize and idea of who you are, evaluative aspect of the understand your own shaped by your beliefs, self, referring to how emotions, thoughts, and experiences, and self- much value you place behaviors. It’s about knowledge. It’s a on yourself. It being conscious of your broader mental image encompasses your Self- Self- Self- internal state and how it aligns with your actions. of yourself, including your roles, attributes, feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. awareness concept esteem Focus: It involves and values. Focus: It’s more about mindfulness and Focus: It’s about how the emotional reflection on your you view yourself in judgments you make present self, including various contexts and about yourself— awareness of your how you believe others whether you see strengths and perceive you. It includes yourself as worthy and weaknesses. both the actual self capable or inadequate (how you see yourself) and unworthy. and the ideal self (how you wish to be). 9 10 Self- Self- Self- awareness concept esteem Self- Perception Memory Thoughts The ability concept The set of to recognize Our overall beliefs and Our Our Our internal Our oneself as evaluation interpretation recollection of dialogue and understanding perceptions of sensory past mental of ourselves. an of ourselves we have information. experiences. processes. individual and our about separate worth. ourselves. from others. 11 12 3  01/10/2024 Social Identity The part of our Individualism vs. Gender Roles Values Reflected self-concept that Collectivism Expectations What is Appraisal is derived from Cultural about considered our group emphasis on appropriate important and Social Incorporating the memberships. individual behavior for desirable Comparison perceptions of achievement men and within a others into our Evaluating vs. group women. culture. own self-image. harmony. ourselves by comparing ourselves to 13 14 others. Adulthood Early Childhood Integration of Development of different aspects of basic self-awareness the self into a and identity coherent whole Positive Self-Concept High Self-Esteem Adolescence Exploration of Negative Self-Concept Low Self-Esteem different identities and value 15 16 4  01/10/2024 17 18 Conclusion: DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES UNDER Embracing the THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION Fluidity of the Self 1. Me-Self, I-Self The self is not a fixed entity, 2. Global versus Differentiated Models but a fluid and evolving construction. Embracing this 3. The Real and Ideal Self Concepts fluidity allows us to 4. Multiple versus Unified Selves embrace the possibilities for growth and transformation 5. True versus False Selves that life offers 19 20 5  01/10/2024 William James, a renowned American psychologist, 1. ME-SELF AND I-SELF developed a theory of self-consciousness in his work, Principles of Psychology, which was published in 1890. 21 22 The self is divided into two main categories: Me-Self I-Self refers to the aspects This is classified as the “Me” Self “I” Self of someone that thinking self. come from that For James, the "I" part of person's experiences self was the thinking self, The Material The Social Self The Spiritual which could not be Self Self or known as the further divided. “empirical self”. He linked this part of the The Bodily Self self to the soul of a person, or what is now thought of as the mind. Extracorporeal (beyond the body) Self 23 24 6  01/10/2024 The Material Self The Social Self – Consists of things that belong to us or that we – Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by belong to. others. Things like family, clothes, our body, and money are – Our social selves are who we are in a given social some of what makes up our material selves. situation. – Two sub-classes of the material self: For James, people change how they act depending on The Bodily Self the social situation that they are in. – This includes our body and its parts. – Example, “My eyes.” Extracorporeal (beyond the body) Self – The extended self. – This refers to other people (my children), pets (my dog), possessions (my car), places (my home town), and the products of our labors (my painting) that we consider ours. 25 26 The Spiritual Self – For James, the spiritual self was who we are at our core. The spiritual self is our inner self or our psychological self. It is comprised of our self-perceived abilities, 2. GLOBAL VERSUS attitudes, emotions, interests, values, motives, opinions, DIFFERENTIATED MODELS traits, and wishes. – The spiritual self is more concrete or permanent than the other two selves. – Aspects of an individual's spiritual self include things like their personality, core values, and conscience that do not typically change throughout the lifetime. 27 28 7  01/10/2024 Self-esteem A person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth. Global Self-esteem State Self-esteem Domain Specific 3. REAL AND IDEAL SELF- Self-esteem (a.k.a. Feelings of Self- (a.k.a. Self-evaluations) CONCEPTS (a.k.a. Trait self-esteem) worth) is focused on how is a personality variable refers to temporary people evaluate their that represents the way feelings or momentary various abilities and people generally feel emotional reactions to attributes. about themselves. positive and negative events where we feel good or bad about ourselves during these situations or experiences. 29 30 Idealized Self- Actual Self Real Self According to Horney image we can have two An imaginary The one is in Revealed only as picture of the self everyday life and the person begins views of our self: the as the possessor is often despised to shed the "real self" and the of unlimited because it fails to various powers and fulfill the techniques "ideal self". superlative requirement of developed to deal qualities, is the idealized with basic anxiety – The real self is who developed. image. and to find ways and what we actually of resolving are. conflicts. The real self is – The ideal self is the not an entity but type of person we feel a ‘force’ that impels growth we should be. and self- realization 31 32 8  01/10/2024 Carl Rogers came up with his conception of self through the interventions he used for his clients as he practices the Person – Centered Therapy. He believed that self-concept is made up of three distinct parts: ideal self, self-image, and self- esteem. – His theory explains what it means when these parts are congruent or incongruent with reality that impacts your self-concept. 33 34 The Importance of Self-image Self-esteem Ideal Self Alignment This is how you This reflects This is the If the way that I am (the real self) is see yourself at how much you person you aligned with the way that I want to be the present value and aspire to be. moment. accept yourself. It encompasses (the ideal self), then I will feel a sense of It includes your It’s influenced the attributes, mental well-being or peace of mind. perception of by your behaviors, and your physical thoughts and qualities that If the way that I am is not aligned with characteristics, feelings about you wish to how I want to be, the incongruence, or personality your abilities possess. lack of alignment, will result in mental traits, and and worth as a social roles. person. distress or anxiety. 35 36 9  01/10/2024 Multiple Unified Selves Selves 4. MULTIPLE VERSUS Capacities we carry UNIFIED SELVES within us from multiple relationships. Well-being comes when our personality dynamics are congruent, These are not cohesive and consistent ‘discovered’ but ‘created’ in our relationships with other people. 37 38 Donald Winnicott in his book “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self” published in 1960 5. TRUE VS FALSE SELVES said, “We all wear masks. We show a different side of ourselves to different people in our lives: significant others, family members, friends, professional colleagues, and acquaintances”. 39 40 10  01/10/2024 When we are aware of the many sides of True Self False Self ourselves we are able to gain a sense of ownership and mastery over when and how The sense of self based on Putting on a facade with others spontaneous authentic may result in an internal we choose to show these sides. experience and feeling of being sensation of being depleted, alive, having “real self”. drained, or emotionally numb. When we are in control of what part of ourselves we choose to show, the false self is Possible tendencies to turn to Lack of disparity between mood-altering substances in no longer foreign and detached: our social values and lived values. order to feel “different”. masks become congruent and integrated. We are whole. Has a sense of integrity, of Actions may feel forced, connected wholeness that alienated, or detached. harks to the early stage. 41 42 Self as Proactive Self as Agentic A Social Cognition Theory of Albert II. Controlling a situation by making things Bandura that views people as self- happen or by preparing for possible organizing, proactive, self-reflective future problems. and self-regulating as times change THE SELF AS The capacity for human beings to make PROACTIVE choices in the world AND AGENTIC Agentic Perspective states that we are not merely reactive organisms shaped by environmental forces or driven by inner impulses. Agentic Self is seeing the world as agents of change. We have a choice over our actions and we strive to enable others to make informed, responsible decisions. 43 44 11  01/10/2024 Self-efficacy – lies in the center of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory – an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments 45 46 Activity: Step 1: Self-awareness Reflection Exploring the Psychological Perspective of the Self 1. Answer the following questions (limit your answer to 10-15 Individual sentences per question). You are encouraged to be honest Journal notebook and detailed in your responses: a. What one (1) recent situation where you felt strong emotions? Submit next meeting Describe the situation and your reactions. b. How do you think your emotions affected your behavior in this situation? 47 48 12  01/10/2024 Step 2: Self-concept Reflection (Self-concept Map) Step 3: Self-esteem Reflection 1. In the center, write "Me" or your name. 1. Write down one positive quality you value about yourself 2. Around it, create branches for different aspects of your self- and one area you wish to improve. concept (e.g., roles, attributes, values). 2. Explain as to why you chose these. 3. You are encouraged to write or draw how you perceive yourself in each branch (e.g., “student,” “creative,” “family- oriented”). 49 50 Needs Satisfactory (2 Criteria Excellent (4 points) Good (3 points) Improvement (1 Step 4: Discussion points) point) - Provides detailed, - Provides clear - Responses are - Provides basic Self- insightful responses responses vague or responses 1. Answer the following questions (limit your answer to 10-15 Awareness - Demonstrates a deep - Shows a good incomplete - Shows some Reflection (20 understanding of understanding of - Limited sentences per question). understanding of points) emotions and their emotions and their understanding of emotions a. How do your self-awareness and self-concept influence your self- impact impact emotions esteem? Self-Concept - Comprehensive and - Complete and - Basic map with - Incomplete or Map (20 well-organized map organized map some aspects of poorly organized b. In what ways do you think your self-concept aligns or conflicts with points) - Includes diverse aspects - Includes several self map your self-esteem? of self with detailed aspects of self with - Limited detail in - Minimal aspects descriptions good descriptions descriptions or detail c. How can understanding these concepts help you in personal growth? - Provides good - Examples are - Provides thoughtful and - Provides some examples unclear or missing Self-Esteem specific examples examples - Articulates - Limited Reflection (20 - Clearly articulates both - Basic articulation positive qualities articulation of points) positive qualities and of qualities and and areas for qualities and areas for growth growth areas growth clearly growth areas Discussion - Demonstrates deep - Shows good - Shows basic - Limited (40 points) understanding of how to understanding of understanding of understanding of apply insights applying insights application application - Sets a clear, actionable - Sets a relevant - Sets a general - Personal goal is 51 52 personal goal personal goal personal goal unclear or missing 13  01/10/2024 53 14