The Functionalist View of Social Stratification. Meritocracy and Inequality. PDF

**The Functionalist View on Social Stratification** Functionalist sociologists believe that society works like a system where different parts (institutions) rely on each other to function properly. These institutions include the family, education system, and workplace. - **Example:** The educati...

**The Functionalist View on Social Stratification** Functionalist sociologists believe that society works like a system where different parts (institutions) rely on each other to function properly. These institutions include the family, education system, and workplace. - **Example:** The education system depends on families to socialise children before they start school. In turn, workplaces rely on education to train people for jobs. - **Key Idea:** Stratification (dividing society into different layers or groups) exists because some roles are more important than others, and these must be filled for society to run smoothly. **Role Allocation -- Parsons (1959)** Parsons explained that society gives different roles to different people to ensure efficiency. - **Traditional Family Roles:** - **Men** take on the **instrumental role** (breadwinner, earning money for the family). - **Women** take on the **expressive role** (caring for children and providing emotional support). - **Why?** Parsons argued these roles are based on biological differences and help society function effectively. **Davis and Moore (1945) -- The Functionalist Theory of Stratification** Davis and Moore developed one of the best-known theories on stratification. They argued that **inequality is necessary** because: 1. Every society has important jobs that need to be done. 2. The most skilled and talented people should fill these jobs. 3. People need training for important roles (e.g., doctors, engineers). 4. If jobs are not filled properly, society won't function well. To ensure this happens, society **sorts and sifts** individuals into different roles through stratification. **Meritocracy** - **Definition:** A system where people succeed based on **ability and effort**. - **Why is inequality needed?** Davis and Moore believed that offering **high rewards** (e.g., good pay, status) encourages people to train for difficult but important jobs. **Criticism of the Functionalist View** **Tumin (1953)** Tumin disagreed with Davis and Moore. He argued that: - **All jobs are important.** Society needs **low-paid workers** just as much as it needs managers. - **Stratification is unfair.** Wealthy and powerful groups try to keep top positions for themselves. - **Meritocracy doesn't always work.** Many people in **high-paid jobs** don't necessarily work harder or contribute more than others. - **Inequality leads to resentment.** Those in lower positions may feel unfairly treated and this can lead to conflict. **Other Criticisms** - **Marxists and Feminists** argue that stratification benefits **the rich (bourgeoisie) and men**, rather than society as a whole. - Many **crucial jobs** (e.g., nursing, waste collection) have **low pay**, even though they are essential. - The system assumes **everyone has equal opportunities**, but factors like **class, gender, and ethnicity** can limit life chances.