Lecture 2 Background: Materials, Energy, and Sustainability PDF

17/11/22 Lecture 2 BACKGROUND: MATERIALS, ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY P. Ferro Department of Engineering and Management, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza (Italy) P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 1 Content...

17/11/22 Lecture 2 BACKGROUND: MATERIALS, ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY P. Ferro Department of Engineering and Management, University of Padova, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza (Italy) P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 1 Contents Sustainable development: a brief history Materials: an even briefer history Critical materials Energy: units and quantities P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 2 1  17/11/22 INTODUCTION and SYNOPSIS Eco-design and sustainable development Eco-sustainability: fuel efficient, but sustainable? P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 3 INTODUCTION and SYNOPSIS SUSTAINABILITY ? § Energy § Materials re ) § Environment ( an d mo le § Emissions se taina b f the s § All o ence su ent Safety i nf lu lo mp § Legality deve § Social acceptance § Space § Economics New requirements and driving forces Eco-sustainability: safe, but sustainable? P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 4 2  17/11/22 INTODUCTION and SYNOPSIS om e s we learn fr o What d les? viou s examp pre 1) Sustainable Development (SD) is a SYSTEM of problems 2) SD has at least 3 facets: ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 5 INTODUCTION and SYNOPSIS What w in this e are going lectur to fac e? e The best place to start facing this challenge is the big picture 1) What is the background to current thinking about sustainable development and how is it evolving? 2) How has our dependence on materials arisen? 3) And where does the energy needed to extract and process them come from? P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 6 3  17/11/22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history at T e c h n ologic al (1798) e ll k n own th t regard for It is w thou cts ent wi social impa the l in l o p m grow k betwe deve l and ces: menta equen nd, th an en v ir o n c o n s d res populat en ired d la ourc i e de on rin g s undes air, water an pleti b f e ation o on esourc uality degrad iodiversity, r eq o s s o f b n c re a sing in l di ion, an deplet P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT)Thomas Malthus ? 7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history The C lu (1972) natu b of Rom ral lim e the link between population satur its of predicte ation d growth and resource depletion ) in 2 developm the 072 ent (s ay , the Club of Rome is a group of scientists. Visit their WEB site for more information (www.clubofrome.org) 2072 (+50) P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 8 4  17/11/22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history s o cial t he l t hu s Discu s theo sion abou at a re o f M a ry… t Ma Wh ations lthus n and will ian p etitio er nation ic m d ceolimsitted g oples ) impl y? assear on, pe incur if reso rece e r aeker one (thgr c e s i ar to the ab wthe jusetw will winag veer il oliv r a theo ur reso p ce r e v s to o y ou io n d o l u t a circular economy… this t s a li ne ar to r land to Wha se? ou Swich from ost the capacity of o probably b sustain us r o p o p P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 9 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history The starting point for today’s thinking about sustainable development is the report of the (1987) Brundtland Commission of 1987 (WCED, 1987) elo pment is ble d ev needs of “Sustaina t that meets the en ising the developm without comprom eet nt om the prese ure generations t fut ability of eir o w n needs” th P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 10 5  17/11/22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history ……only ideals The Table lists nine documents that have had profound influence on current thinking about the effects of human activity on the environment… Most of them are just statements of intent and they leave some questions unanswered: How do we achieve sustainable development? How do we measure progress in achieving it? What does it mean in engineering practice? Given the title of this course, what do metallic materials have to do with it? P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 11 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: a brief history P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 12 6  17/11/22 MATERIALS – An even briefer history P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 13 MATERIALS – An even briefer history OBS: 1) Accelerating rate of materials innovation: smaller and smaller time steps at the top 2)Since 1971: access to all 92 elements of the periodic table 3)After first industrial revolution our dependency shift from renewable to non-renewable resources A materials time-line. The timescale is nonlinear with big steps at the bottom and small at the top. The figure brings out the accelerating rate of material development and, with it, our dependence on an ever larger number of them. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 14 7  17/11/22 MATERIALS – An even briefer history The progress in materials innovation brought to more complex and performant materials, so that we are now reliant on elements that are often ‘critical’ P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 15 MATERIALS – An even briefer history Spe a roug king glo h eng ly 10 b bally, w inee e ring illion (1 1 consu mat 0 0) me eria t ls pe onnes o r ye f ar P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 16 8  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS Materials are classified as “critical” if access to them could be limited and at the same time they are essential for national security or important economically P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 17 CRITICAL MATERIALS Supply risk can have many origins The supply-chain of cobalt, for instance, was disrupted recently by war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Each country has its own list of CRM… P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 18 9  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 19 CRITICAL MATERIALS P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 20 10  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 21 CRITICAL MATERIALS Th e4 th 2020 Critical Raw Materials (30) of bla RM ck s! lis Antimony Gallium Magnesium Scandium Fluorspar t Baryte Germanium Natural graphite Silicon metal LREEs Beryllium Hafnium Natural Rubber Tantalum Bauxite Bismuth Helium Niobium Tungsten Lithium Borate HREEs PGMs Vanadium Titanium Cobalt Indium Phosphate rock Phosphorous Strontium PGMs iridium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium (excl. Ormium) HREEs dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lutetium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, yttrium LREEs cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 22 11  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS Ex.1 MORE EFFICIENT (BUT SUSTAINABLE?) The materials of the two lamps mapped onto the periodic table. Critical materials are colored red, other materials used in the product are in darker yellow. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 23 CRITICAL MATERIALS Ex.2 MORE EFFICIENT (BUT SUSTAINABLE?) The elements in an electrical device of the 1950s and those in a present-day phone mapped onto the periodic table. Critical materials are colored red, other materials used in the product are in darker yellow. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 24 12  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS Ex.3 MORE EFFICIENT (BUT SUSTAINABLE?) The elements in an early aircraft engine and a gas turbine of today mapped onto the periodic table. Critical materials are colored red, other materials used in the product are in darker yellow. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 25 CRITICAL MATERIALS The message is clear: products on which our current way of life depends are, in material terms, far more complex than those of 50 years ago. This dependency bring with it risk! P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 26 13  17/11/22 CRITICAL MATERIALS Over 72% derives from a single Pt nation, South Africa. Supply-chain concentration Unique properties as One of the least abundant of Pt is a the elements. a catalyst P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) CRM 27 ENERGY – UNITS AND QUANTITIES Sustainability issues are linked to those of energy! I u so f nit re: a Joule (J), kJ (103J), MJ (106J), GJ In S ergy en (109J) or TJ (1012J) The electrical energy is measured in kWh (one kW drawn for 3600 s, so 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ) Electrical energy derived from fossil fuel with an efficiency = 36% (1 kWh of electrical power means a primary energy consumption of 3.6/0.36 = 10 MJ) P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 28 14  17/11/22 ENERGY – UNITS AND QUANTITIES Whe ener re does gy c Hydrocarbon fuels from ome ? The sun, which drives the winds, wave, hydro, photoelectric phenomena and the photochemical processes that give biomass. The moon, which drives the tides. Nuclear decay of unstable elements, providing geothermal heat and nuclear power. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 29 ENERGY – UNITS AND QUANTITIES A cco rdin time g to the - i dim scale r ensi on: Finite ‘Infinite’ P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 30 15  17/11/22 ENERGY – UNITS AND QUANTITIES How m do w uch ene year e use i rgy ? (ab n out a EJ/y 5 ear) 90 The annual world consumption of energy by source. The units on the left are kWh, those on the right are exajoules (1018 J, a Obs: sun-driven energy is enormous, but it is BILION BILION J). distributed, making it hard to capture. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 31 RESOURCES, CONSUMPTION, POPULATION, AFFLUENCE AND IMPACT Pe get ople a nu ting m re no als mero ore t on aff o get us, th ly lue tin e nt. g m y ar ore e 2025 Growth of global trade in goods, gross domestic product (GDP), energy use, CO2 emissions, and global population, 1975–2012. (World Bank Development Indicators, 2012). P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 32 16  17/11/22 RESOURCES, CONSUMPTION, POPULATION, AFFLUENCE AND IMPACT The IPAT equ atio n I=PxAxT I = Human impact on the environment P = Population of a region A = Affluence (the spending power, scaling with resource consumption) T = Technology (the resources consumed in creating, transporting, using and disposing of the goods and services that create one unit of GDP) P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 33 RESOURCES, CONSUMPTION, POPULATION, AFFLUENCE AND IMPACT The IPAT Differentiating the IPAT equation we find equ atio n 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑇 = + + 𝐼 𝑃 !,# 𝐴 $,# 𝑇 !,$ %# 0 = 1.3% + 3% + # !,$ %# = -4.3% # !,$ For impact I to remain static, technology T must bring an annual decreased of 4.3% in resource intensity per year P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 34 17  17/11/22 RESOURCES, CONSUMPTION, POPULATION, AFFLUENCE AND IMPACT The IPAT qua e Be careful! tion IPAT equation gives only qualitative insight since P, A and T are not independent, but rather: I = f(P,A,T) 1) EX n. 1: rising affluence slows population growth; wealthy people have fewer children. 2) EX n. 2: doubling technological efficiency reduces T by 50%, but experience shows that it does not reduce environmental impact I by the same factor. This is because efficiency drives down prices, stimulating additional consumption, a phenomenon known as the rebound effect. P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 35 Self-VERIFICATION (minute test) 1) What sustainable development has to do with? o The interaction among Environment, Equity and Economy o Eco-design only o The interaction between Environment and Economy o The future generations only 2) Which are the main parameters used to asses the human impact on the environment? o there are no parameters that can be used o Affluence, Technology, Population o The greenhouse gas emissions 3 : Which are the factors reducing the supply risk? o The resources concentration improvement o increased competition o Recycling, substitution, more efficient use of materials P. Ferro, University of Padova (IT) 36 18