01_WAFWM_OrdersOfMagnitude PDF

Which aircraft for which mission ? AE410E Which aircraft for which mission ? Orders of magnitude Dajung KIM Course Instructor ENAC – TA/AVS H065 Aerotech Lab [email protected] Tel : 05 62 17 43 82...

Which aircraft for which mission ? AE410E Which aircraft for which mission ? Orders of magnitude Dajung KIM Course Instructor ENAC – TA/AVS H065 Aerotech Lab [email protected] Tel : 05 62 17 43 82  Which aircraft for which mission ? Course goal and objectives Understanding aircraft as a part of the civil air transport system At the end of the course, you will be able to : 1. List and describe historical milestones in aeronautical engineering. 2. State orders of magnitudes for airplanes’ operational features by the categories and describe trends between them. 3. Identify airplanes and their manufacturers and describe geometric and operational features. 4. List the airplane categories and describe their features. 5. Determine the size of an airplane and draw it, given the values of the basic operational features. 2  Which aircraft for which mission ? What is an order of magnitude Normally, an order of magnitude means a way to describe the scale or size of something in powers of ten. In this course, an order of magnitude refers to the scale or size of something. Grouping of airplanes  Categories  Regulations Figure source: Harvey, C., de Croon, G., Taylor, G. K., & Bomphrey, R. J. (2023). Lessons from natural flight for aviation: then, now and 3 tomorrow. Journal of experimental biology, 226(Suppl_1), jeb245409.  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplane operational features Payload Max takeoff mass Additional features Range Life duration Cruise altitude Price Cruise speed Flight duration Takeoff and landing distances Landing speed Thrust and power 4  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplane operational features : Top level requirements Payload – airline revenue for airplane design Total mass Additional features Range Life duration – airline cost Cruise altitude and transition of the ATS Cruise speed Price – airline cost Flight duration – scheduling Takeoff and landing distances – airport design Landing speed – airspace management Thrust and Power – safety standards 5  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplane weight Weight limited by max structural values MTOW: Max Take Off Weight MLW: Max Landing Weight MZFW: Max Zero Fuel Weight Engine start & taxi out TOW Takeoff Weight Weight Mass g Trip Fuel Total fuel loaded includes LW Landing Weight taxi/trip/reserves Reserves ZFW Zero Fuel Weight Passengers, baggage, and cargo Payload OEW Operating Operator’s items Empty Weight Items for commercial service MEW (seats, catering, crews, water…) Manufacturer’s Empty Weight Aircraft weight out of assembly line (structure, powerplant, systems, furnishing…) 6  Which aircraft for which mission ? Flight range Flight range is the distance an aircraft fly between takeoff and landing (mostly used for the design and specification!) Ground distance or surface distance = distance Flight distance or air distance = 10000 + 1.0016 distance + 10000 7 Figure source: Air Distance vs Surface Distance – FlatEarth.ws  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airspeed Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air it is flying through. 8 Figure source: Relative Velocity - Ground Reference (nasa.gov)  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airspeed Indicated airspeed (IAS) : airspeed on the airplane speed gauge Calibrated airspeed (CAS) : IAS + error calibrated Equivalent airspeed (EAS) : CAS+ compressibility correction True airspeed (TAS) : EAS + temperature and pressure altitude correction 9 Figure source: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/pitot.html  Which aircraft for which mission ? 10 Figure source: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nautical-mile-knot.html  Which aircraft for which mission ? Altitude QNH QFE QNE Elevation a theoretical plane where air pressure equals 29.92’’ Hg Figure source: https://www.angleofattack.com/how-to-calculate-density-altitude/ https://eaglepubs.erau.edu/introductiontoaerospaceflightvehicles/chapter/international- 11 standard-atmosphere-isa/  Which aircraft for which mission ? Thrust and power Thrust is the force that propels an object forward. It is generated when a system expels mass in one direction, resulting in a reactive force in the opposite direction. Power is the rate of the work done. 12  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airline metrics ASK ( Available Seat Kilometer ) represents the offer and is equal to the number of seats available on an aircraft at the start of a flight multiplied by the number of kilometers traveled by this flight. This allows to take into account the effect of the distance and that of the number of seats. ASK of an airplane with a seat flying 100 km = 100 RPK ( Revenue Passenger Kilometer ) represents the activity and is equal to the number of passengers actually transported during a flight multiplied by the number of kilometers traveled by this flight. RPK of an airplane with a passenger on a 100 km flight = 100 13  Which aircraft for which mission ? How to identify airplanes? The International Civil Aviation Organization (IACO) code is a three- or four-character alphanumeric code designating every aircraft type (and some sub-types) that is defined in ICAO DOC 8643 - Aircraft Type Designators. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) code is a three-character alphanumeric code that is defined in Appendix A of IATA's annual Standard Schedules Information Manual (SSIM). ICAO code IATA code Model A19N 31N Airbus A319neo F27 F27 Fokker F27 Friendship 14  Which aircraft for which mission ? Let’s start! We are going to look into one day of global air traffic in 2015 (commercial operations only), based on data from the Official Aviation Guide of the airways (OAG)1 Number of flights: approximately 93,000 scheduled flights Total flight distance: about 120 million km (300 times longer than the distance between the Earth and the Moon) Total flight duration: 210,000 flight hours (around 24 years) Average speed: 570 km/h Total number of seats: 13 million seats (around 130 times more people than Camp Nou can accommodate) Number of airports connected: 3,200 airports Number of airlines operated: 620 airlines 15 1. www.oag.com  Number of flights by engine type Which aircraft for which mission ? Turboshaft Airplanes considered Airplanes : Old ones Less than 100 flights a day (worldwide) A30B A310 New ones B789 B748 A359 Low success A34x T204... Turboprop Misidentified B74_ B46_ 16 Number of flights  Which aircraft for which mission ? Number of flights by engine type Airplanes considered Airplanes : Old ones MD80 Between 100 and 1000 flights a day (worldwide) B744 B734... New ones B788 A388... Low success SU95... Misidentified B75_ B76_ Turboprop But also long haul airplanes A343 A332 B772 17 Number of flights  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplanes considered Number of flights by engine type More than 1000 flights a day (worldwide) Successful airplanes Mainly short/medium haul airplanes But also long haul airplanes Turboprop Number of flights 18  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplanes considered (~40) Commercial aviation: Business jets : – Airbus A320-200 (A320) – Dassault Falcon 900 (F900) – Airbus A330-200 (A332) – Gulfstream IV (CLF4) – Airbus A340-600 (A346) – Learjet 60 (LJ60) – Airbus A380-800 (A388) – Cessna Citation II (C550) – Boeing 737-800 (B738) – Embraer Phenom 100 (E50P) – Boeing 747-400 (B744) – Bombardier BD-700 Global 5000 (GL5T) – Boeing 757-300 (B753) Light aviation (both business and leisure) – Boeing 767-300 (B763) – Cessna 172 (C172) – Boeing 777-300 (B773) – Daher TB20 Trinidad (TB20) – Boeing 787-8 (B788) – Daher TBM700 (TBM7) – McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (MD11) – Pilatus PC-12 (PC12) Regional commercial aviation: – Piper PA-28 (PA28) – Fokker 100 (F100) – Robin DR400 (DR40) – McDonnell Douglas MD-87 (MD87) – Beechcraft King Air 350 (B350) – Embraer 190 (E190) Freigthers: – Embraer RJ145 (E145) – Antonov AN-225 (A225) – Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia (E120) – Antonov AN-124 (A124) – Bombardier/Canadair Regional Jet 700 (CRJ7) – Boeing 777-200 Freighter (B77F) – Aerospatiale/Alenia ATR 72-201/-202 (AT72) – Boeing 767-300 Freighter (B763) – De Havilland Canada DHC-8-300 Dash 8 / 8Q (DH8C) – Airbus A330-200 Freighter (A332) – Fairchild Dornier 328 (D328) – BAe146-300 / Avro RJ100 (B463) 19  Which aircraft for which mission ? Airplanes considered Number of flights by engine type 1. Short/medium haul airplanes 2. Regional jets 3. Regional turboprops 4. Long haul airplanes Turboprop 5. Light airplanes for business and leisure Number of flights 20  Which aircraft for which mission ? Table of contents 1. Payload 8. Landing speed 2. Max takeoff mass 9. Thrust and power 3. Range 10.Life duration 4. Cruise altitude 11.Price 5. Cruise speed 6. Flight duration 7. Takeoff and landing distances 21  Which aircraft for which mission ? Payload Load transported is highly relevant to money-making! – Passengers (pax) – Cargo/Freight – Mail Impact on the fuselage design Number of aisles Diameter Number of seats per row Luggage compartment Crossection of an aircraft 22  Which aircraft for which mission ? >500 Payload (max pax) Maximum number of pax by airplane type >250 150-210 Max pax = 19 10-150 Max pax = 853 Number of pax 23  Which aircraft for which mission ? Payload ( in tons) Payload by airplane type 40t to 85t Standard: < 40t 20t Medium: > 40t and < 80t Large: > 80t Two turbofan engines < 65t 1 to 5t Turboprop < 8t Piston < 500kg No windows! Max = 250t Large doors on the main deck 24 Payload (kg)  Which aircraft for which mission ? Payload (summary) 1 pax ~ 100 kg Maximum : 853 pax (A380) or 250 tons (AN225) Related to cabin arrangement – Double deck : >500 pax – Twin aisle : >250 pax – Single aisle : 150-220 pax – Single aisle with less than 6 pax per row: 10-150 pax Link with powerplant – Four-engines > two-engines (less than 65t - pax) – Turbofan > Turboprop (less than 8t) – Turboprop > Piston (less than 500kg) 25  Which aircraft for which mission ? Table of contents 1. Payload 8. Landing speed 2. Max takeoff mass 9. Thrust and power 3. Range 10.Life duration 4. Cruise altitude 11.Price 5. Cruise speed 6. Flight duration 7. Takeoff and landing distances 26  Which aircraft for which mission ? Max takeoff mass Total takeoff mass = – Payload + – Fuel (= the energy onboard = taxi fuel+trip fuel+reserve fuel) + – Operator’s items (seats, catering, crews, water…) + – Manufacturer’s Empty Mass (the vehicle) Mass of an airplane changes during flight (and also from one flight to another!) – Reference mass = MTOM (Maxi Take-Off Mass) CAUTION: MTOM vs. MTOW 27  Which aircraft for which mission ? Max takeoff mass The number of flight crews: 1, 2 or more The number of cabin crews: it depends on the number of pax (according to the safety regulation) – No cabin crew up to 19 pax – Then 1 crew per 50 pax Total fuel capacity: – For single-aisle airplanes ~ max payload – For twin-aisle airplanes ~ 2 to 3 times the max payload – For business jets ~ up to 5 times the max payload 28  Which aircraft for which mission ? Max takeoff mass MTOM by airplane type > 150t 70t-100t ~65t ~20t ~10t Similar to regional commercial aviation ~2t Max = 640t / 575t MTOM (kg) 29  Which aircraft for which mission ? MTOM vs payload MTOM as a function of payload MTOM (tons) Payload (tons) 30  Which aircraft for which mission ? MTOM vs payload MTOM as a function of payload MTOM (tons) Payload (tons) 31  Which aircraft for which mission ? MTOM (summary) Maximum MTOM: 640t (AN225) or 575t (A380) MTOM depends on the number of pax (Passenger comfort has a cost in term of mass) – Double deck : > 400t – Twin aisle : > 150t – Single aisle : 70t to 100t Link with powerplant (same as for the payload) – Four-engine > two-engine (less than 300/350t) – Turbofan > Turboprop (less than 20t) – Turboprop > Piston (less than 2t) 32  Which aircraft for which mission ? Table of contents 1. Payload 8. Landing speed 2. Max takeoff mass 9. Thrust and power 3. Range 10.Life duration 4. Cruise altitude 11.Price 5. Cruise speed 6. Flight duration 7. Takeoff and landing distances 33  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range The distance flown depends on: – Purpose of the flight (leisure, business) – Meteorological conditions (wind, etc.) – Trajectory (ex : rhumb line, great circle ) – The route (pair of airports to be connected) – Political situation Max range: maximum flight distance the airplane can fly Units: NM or km 34  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range « Regional » and « intercontinental » routes 35  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range Regional routes: flight range less than ~4,000 NM Intercontinental routes: flight range longer than ~4,000 NM The longest route=10,800 NM Type of the route Origin Destination Distance Regional Lisbon Moscow 2,100 NM Regional Boston San Francisco 2,400 NM Regional Beijing Jakarta 2,800 NM Intercontinental PAris Shanghai 5,000 NM Intercontinental Paris New York 3,200 NM Intercontinental San Francisco Beijing 5,100 NM Intercontinental San Francisco Sydney 6,400 NM 36  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range Range by airplane type between 5000 and 7500/8000NM Long haul 3000/3500NM Medium range 500/600NM Short/medium haul Some are long range ! Why less payload, more fuel ~1000NM 37 Range (NM)  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range (some more details…) Payload-Range graph example Flight distribution (A330-300) Payload (kg) Range (NM) Range (NM) Range depends on the payload… Variability in the ranges actually flown 38  Which aircraft for which mission ? Range (summary) Changes at each flight and depends on flight conditions Link with the mass – Twin aisle  long haul (5000 to 8000+ NM) – Single aisle  medium haul (3000/3500NM) – Regional aviation  short/medium haul – Bizjet  can be long range Link with powerplant – Turbofan > Turboprop (less than 1000NM) – Turboprop > Piston (less than 600/1000NM) 39  Which aircraft for which mission ? Table of contents 1. Payload 8. Landing speed 2. Max takeoff mass 9. Thrust and power 3. Range 10.Life duration 4. Cruise altitude 11.Price 5. Cruise speed 6. Flight duration 7. Takeoff and landing distances 40  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise altitude Cruise altitude varies depending on the payload, MTO, range, and ATM constraints. Units: feet (ft) / Flight Level (FL) Operational ceiling = maximum flight altitude Flight profile – short range Flight profile – long range Flight altitude (ft) Flight altitude (ft) Ground distance (NM) Ground distance (NM) 41  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise altitude West East Air traffic regulations Pax safety and comfort Atmospheric conditions Mountains Pressure = f(altitude) 42  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise altitude < operational ceiling Max flight altitude by airplane type Commercial aviation turbofan : 30000/40000ft Turboprop : ~25000ft Turbofan bizjets : >40000ft Piston : 30000ft – Turboprop : between 20000 and 30000ft (around 25000ft) – Piston : ~ 10000 ft max in general Link with the mission – Bizjet : turbofan but >40000ft for operational flexibility – To fly father, you fly higher! Link with airplane design – Pressurization  circular fuselage section 45  Which aircraft for which mission ? Table of contents 1. Payload 8. Landing speed 2. Max takeoff mass 9. Thrust and power 3. Range 10.Life duration 4. Cruise altitude 11.Price 5. Cruise speed 6. Flight duration 7. Takeoff and landing distances 46  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise speed Units: – The knot (kt = NM/h) – low speed, slow airplanes – Mach – high speed, fast airplanes Cruise speed has an impact on the flight duration. 47  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise speed Cruise speed by airplane type Turbofan : ~450kt Turboprop : ~250/300kt Piston : ~150kt Cruise speed (kts) 48  Which aircraft for which mission ? Cruise speed Long haul: Cruise Mach by airplane type ≥M0.8 Turbofan: > M0.6 Medium range: Turboprop: ~M0.75/0.78 M0.4/0.55 Some are long range Piston : M0.6) – Turboprop : low compressibility effect flight (~M0.4/0.5) – Piston : incompressible flight conditions (