Computer Applications - Introduction to Computer Hardware - PDF

Computer Applications CHA PT ER 1 COMP UT E R T E R MI NOLOGY & ORG A NI ZATION COMP UT E R P E R I PHER ALS M A R I A R A I DY Spring 2018 CSC 201 – Computer Application BIT vs Cells and Atoms Just like human...

Computer Applications CHA PT ER 1 COMP UT E R T E R MI NOLOGY & ORG A NI ZATION COMP UT E R P E R I PHER ALS M A R I A R A I DY Spring 2018 CSC 201 – Computer Application BIT vs Cells and Atoms Just like humans are made up of tiny cells and objects are made up of atoms. All data in a computer are made of BITS. Bits What is a bit? A bit is the smallest data form that has only 2 values (binary). It is either a 1 or 0 and can be lined up in a sequence to represent other data. Example: 101011101000110 There are 2 kinds of people in the world: Those who understand binary, and those who don’t. Byte Bytes are the standards measurement units for size in computers. 8 bits form up a Byte. 1 Byte= 8 bits The Measurements of sizes… 1 Byte = 8 bits 1 KiloByte = ~1,000 Bytes 1 MegaByte = ~1,000,000 Bytes (Million) 1 GigaByte = ~1,000,000,000 Bytes (Billion) 1 TeraByte = ~1,000,000,000,000 Bytes(Trillion) 6 The PC’s anatomy The linking game. THE HUMAN ANATOMY THE PC’S ANATOMY The brain Storage devices (hard disk drive) Pocket The CPU The short-term memory The RAM The long-term memory The Cache The eyes Motherboard The spinal cord Video Card / Graphic Card CPU The CPU is the abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. It handles every piece of data being processed by the PC. It is the “Brain” of the PC. CPU There are 2 known manufacturers for CPUs: ◦ Intel (Pentium, Centrino, QuadCore, Core i7, etc…) ◦ AMD(Athlon, Turion, Phenom, etc…) CPU Speed is measured in Hz and all current PCs have speeds in GHz (GigaHertz). Manufacturers are not working on faster CPU speeds, but more “Cores”. Multicore CPU Each Core in the CPU can process calculations on its own. This can help in reducing time for calculations in case multiple applications are being used. A Multicore CPU with a speed of 1.5GHz, means that each core has that speed. (They do NOT add up to 3GHz in case of 2 cores, nor to 6Ghz in case of 4 cores)  A defining factor other than the speed and number of cores is the cache. The cache is a buffer zone which keeps the data to be calculated by the CPU. The Cache The larger the cache, the more data the CPU will be able to handle at a time. Current sizes of cache are in MBs (MegaBytes). When a processor needs to read or write it checks for data in the cache first. The RAM (Random Access Memory) The Memory of the PC is known as the RAM. It holds all the resources and data needed by the application you are currently using. Once the application is closed, it will be removed from RAM. RAM is volatile  RAM is made of pure electricity; i.e. when the The RAM is measured electricity is cut off the by: whole system, the data in the RAM is lost. The RAM in some detail… size in Bytes (MBs, and speed in Hz or GBs), cycles per second. Storage Devices There are currently There are also 2 types of storage removable Storage devices used: devices such as: ! The Hard Disk Storage Devices CDs, DVDs have a Drive (HDD) Write/Erase Lifetime The Solid Flash USB State Drive Drives (SSD) External Hard Disks Hard Disk Drives Hard Disk Drives are permanent storage devices used for keeping all files you need. They are defined by their: ◦ Size: in Bytes (usually GBs and TBs) ◦ Speed: in rpm (revolutions per minute) (standards: 4200, 5400, 7200, 10000) ◦ Buffer: in MBs (higher buffer = better feed) Solid State Drives Solid State Drives are the latest technology in Storage Devices. They work on the same basis as Flash Disk Drives do. Meaning that the data is stored on chips instead of disks. Solid State Drives are known to have way better (reading) speeds since they work on electricity as RAMs do. Storage Drives (RAID) RAID technology uses 2 or more Hard Disk Drives to help in backing up your data or in helping make the read/write process of data faster. Examples of RAID Types: ◦ RAID 0: distributes data across several disks in a way that gives improved speed and full capacity, but all data on all disks will be lost if any disk fails. ◦ RAID 1: Two (or more) disks each store exactly the same data, at the same time, and at all times. RAID Example How a Software Loads… CPU Buffer RAM The Video Card or Graphics Accelerator Card is used to generate and output images to a display. It is an independent component that computes the data related to the images and videos seen on a Screen. Video Card It has its own set of RAMs to be used as memory. It uses a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) to compute the data in the best manner for images and videos and games. Graphic Cards Companies There are 3 Manufacturers for GPUs and Graphics Cards in general: ◦ Intel ◦ nVidia (GeForce series) ◦ AMD (Formerly known as ATI) Intel are known to not have powerful graphics while the other two are dedicated companies to Graphic Cards. The Motherboard 01 02 03 The Motherboard ALL the It has slots for the is the Spinal Cord components of a CPU, RAM, Video of the PC. PC are connected Card, Hard Disk, to the CD/DVD ROMs, Motherboard. etc…  Computer Peripherals Peripherals A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a host computer. In this section, we will be studying the various hardware parts that can be added to the PC. The Optical Drives https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MYwF6cW7T8 Optical Disc Drives The Optical Disc Drive is used to read and/or write on the different “Optical Discs” There are Reader Drives (ROM) and Writer Drives (Burners) Different Optical Disks require the right Optical Drives to read them or even burn them The Compact Disc Compact Disk is a type of optical disc. It is flat and round, and is used to store digital data. CD: Compact Disc Size: 700 MBs Optical Disc Drives: CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW It is the most resistant Optical Disc against scratches, since it writes at the deepest layer of the disc. The DVD DVD: Digital Versatile Disc OR Digital Video Disc Size: 4.7 GBs Optical Disc Drives: DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD±RW DVDs can be of more size due to Dual Layer technology. It can hold 8.54 GBs per side. Such DVDs require Dual Layer DVD Recorders and not the usual ones. Dual Layered Technology 01 02 03 Dual Layer To take advantage of Dual Layer is more technology provides dual layer technology commonly called two individual when recording Double Layer in the recordable layers on DVDs, you must use consumer market, a single sided DVD a dual layer enabled and can be seen disc. DVD burner and dual written as DVD+R layer DVD media. The Blu-Ray Disc Size: 25 GBs (50 GBs if Dual Layer) Optical Disc Drives: BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-RE Blu-Ray Discs are known to be the next step into Home Video where High Definition plays an important role. Blu-Ray offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. The Universal Serial Bus The USB The Universal Serial Bus (otherwise known as USB) is a connection type used to connect peripherals to the computer. This Technology was first created in January 1996. The Technology started with version 1.0 then went on to 1.1, 2.0 and USB 3.0 USB 1.0 and 1.1 The 1st USB devices were out in 1996 with USB 1.0 at a speed of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full- Speed) In 1998, the USB 1.1 was out mainly with fixed problems with usb hubs (shown in the picture below) USB 2.0 USB 2.0 was released in 2000 with a transfer speed of 480 Mbit/s (now called Hi-Speed) The USB 2.0 is used nowadays and is multipurpose. It is the technology used for Flash Drives, mini-heating devices, battery charging (mainly Phones…) USB 3.0 USB 3.0 is the latest version out in the market. It has a transfer rate of 5.0 Gbit/sec. USB 3.0 receptacles are compatible with USB 2.0 device plugs for the respective physical form factors.  Monitors FROM CRT TO LCD TO LED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O-2D5ryb2A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqbFGhM4Wrs The CRT Monitor CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube and is equivalent to the old TV technology originally created in 1897. It is known to have high refresh rates (higher that 85 Hz ~ 100Hz) which help in reducing flickering. CRT A cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor is an analog computer display or television set with a large, deep casing. This type of monitor uses streams of electrons that activate dots or pixels on the screen to create a full image. Advantages: - the range of colors they can display - CRT monitors also have a wider viewing angle and are usually less expensive than similarly sized LCD models. Refresh Rate The refresh rate is the number of times in a second a display hardware draws the data it is being given. The higher the refresh rate the more the eye feels relaxed on the long run. The LCD Monitor LCD (or Liquid Crystal Display) is another kind of monitor which is mostly used today and has replaced the CRT, whether for PCs or TVs. It is known to be still not so cheap (at least not as much as CRT) and has lower refresh rates (60 Hz at low resolutions, 120 Hz at high resolutions) LCD Advantages: ❖LCDs are significantly smaller and lighter in weight than CRTs, which makes them better for small offices. ❖They also give less glare and consume much less power than CRT monitors. ❖LCDs also do not have flicker problems and can run quite well at lower refresh rates. Refresh Rate 120 Hz The LED Monitors LED (Light Emitting Diodes) Flat panels consume less than half the power of comparable monitors. They have a typical dynamic contrast ratio of up to 1,000,000:1 LED based monitors are the latest technology and offer HD quality resolution. OLED monitors ▪(Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting technology, made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. ▪When electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted. ▪OLEDs are emissive display that do not require a backlight and so are thinner and more efficient than LCD displays (which do require a white backlight). OLEDs are extremely thin They can also be made transparent, flexible, foldable and even rollable and stretchable in the future  OLEDs oDisadvantages: ◦ They are around 30% more expensive than LEDs ◦ OLEDs have limited lifetime. ◦ OLEDs can also be problematic in direct sunlight, because of their emissive nature. ◦ Water is a real killer oAdvantages: ◦ Better picture quality ◦ Faster response time (refresh frequencies approaching 100 kHz (100,000 Hz)!! ) ◦ Better power efficiency and thickness ◦ Hopefully lower prices in the future Pixels The Resolution of every screen is measured by the number of pixels it shows. It is always written in Width x Height and can be used as measurement for digital photos and videos. A pixel (or picture element) is the smallest item of information in an image. Example: drawing in paint Spring 2018 CSC 201 – Computer Application