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SH1903 Introduction to 21st Century Literature of words but also includes the mood, attitude, dialect,...

SH1903 Introduction to 21st Century Literature of words but also includes the mood, attitude, dialect, and style of writing. I. A Review about Literary Devices Literary devices refer to techniques that writers use to create Example: a special and pointed effect in their writing, to convey To impress upon the relationship and the age gap information, or to help readers understand their writing on a between the two (2) characters of the story, the writer deeper level (Muniz, 2018). Listed below are the definition chose to use "I'll do it right away, sir" instead of and examples of common literary devices: "Yeah, just in a sec" in the dialogue. A. Allusion This happens when an author refers to the events or C. Euphemism characters from another story in her own story with the It refers to the use of milder or indirect word to substitute hopes of those events will add context or depth to the a harsh or blunt word when referring to something story she/he is trying to tell. Allusions are commonly unpleasant (e.g. sex, violence, death, crimes) or used within a metaphor or a simile. The only difference embarrassing. between allusion and a normal simile and metaphor is the Examples: former makes an indirect reference to a speech, text, "Gone to heaven" or "passed away" instead of song, event, or figure, while the latter does not. died Example: "Correctional facility" instead of jail Night after night, our hero lay in bed with the flu, hacking mucus and blood and seeing behind his D. Foreshadowing eyelids the angels or devils come to collect him. But This is a literary device in which a writer gives an one morning, like Lazarus, he was whole again. advance hint of what is to come later in the story. It is done through dialogue, description, or character's B. Diction actions. It is the choice of words and style of expression that an Example: author makes and uses in his/her work. An author is not In the movie, Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral, Gregorio only limited to a word when describing the events of her del Pilar's nightmare where he nearly drowns, story. She/he may consider choosing from words which bleeding from the mouth, is a foreshadowing of his that have similar denotative meaning to his/her chose death at Tirad Pass. idea but different connotative meanings. The decisions the author makes with these words are what we call E. Imagery "diction." Diction is not only about the writer's choice This is used when an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our senses. This device is often 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 5  SH1903 used to help the reader clearly visualize parts of the story Examples: by creating a strong mental picture. The fire swallowed the entire building. "A tree that looks at God all day, Example: And lifts her leafy arms to pray" The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric. — "Trees" by Joyce Kilmer F. Hyperbole I. Point of View It is the use of exaggeration to make a point. The The point of view determines the angle and perception in hyperbole should not be taken literally and is often used which the story is narrated or depicted. The first and third for comedic effect and/or emphasis. person point of view are the most common types that are Example: used by writers. I am so tired I cannot walk another inch. Examples: G. Metaphor or Simile First person Metaphors are when ideas, actions, or objects are It’s midnight and the moon shined so bright when described in non-literal terms. In short, it is when an I came to see my love. I was contemplating with author compares one thing to another. The two (2) things the thought that I am so bad for killing my mother being described usually share something in common but just to give her heart to the maiden I love. I’m on are different in all other respects. my way to my maiden, my legs were shaking, A simile is a type of metaphor in which an object, idea, and my heart kept on pounding. The rain fell and character, action, etc., is compared to another thing using I was so wet and I fell down to the ground crying, the words "as" or "like." thinking of my mother who loved me so much. Examples: Tonyo's sweet is as big as a pearl due to the Third person (unreliable) humid weather. (simile) It’s dark and the moon shined so bright when the The book is a doorway to different parts of the boy came out holding a heart. He left the dead world. (metaphor) body of a woman with a breast cut open. He was teary-eyed staring at the dead body but smiled H. Personification when he opened his wallet and stared at the It is the technique where inanimate or nonliving objects picture of a beautiful young lady. He glanced at were described as having human-like characteristics or the heart and said: “this is for the beautiful qualities. maiden.” He ran out holding the heart when it 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 5  SH1903 rained and he fell down and started to cry. He As a result, certain actions and/or events take on different remembered the old woman he left at the house. meanings for the audience than they do for the characters involved. Third person (omniscient) Example: It’s midnight and the moon shined so bright when In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows that Juliet the boy came to see the maiden he loves. He was is only asleep, not dead, but Romeo does not and kills contemplating with the thought that he is so bad himself. for killing his own mother just to give her heart to the maiden. On his way, his legs were shaking, K. Onomatopoeia and his heart didn’t stop pounding. The rain fell It is the process of creating and using a word that and he was so wet when he fell to the ground, phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound crying, thinking of his mother who loved him so that it describes. much. Example: Justin was startled by the hiss of the approaching J. Irony venomous snake. Irony is when a statement is used to express an opposite meaning than the one literally expressed by it. There are L. Metonymy and Synecdoche three (3) types of irony in literature: A metonym is when a related word or phrase is Verbal irony: It is when someone says something but substituted for the actual thing to which it is referring. means the opposite (similar to sarcasm). This device is usually used for poetic or rhetorical effect. Example: Example: On the way to school, the school bus gets a flat tire, "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement, and the bus driver says, "Excellent! This day couldn't which was coined by Edward Bulwer-Lytton in start off any better!" 1839, contains two (2) examples of metonymy: "the pen" refers to "the written word," and "the sword" Situational irony: It is when something happens which is refers to "military force/violence." the opposite of what was expected or intended to happen. Example: A synecdoche is a literary device in which part of A traffic cop gets a traffic violation ticket due to an something is used to represent the whole or vice versa. It expired license. is similar to a metonym; however, a metonym does not have to represent the whole—just something associated Dramatic irony: It is when the audience is aware of the with the word used. true intentions or outcomes, while the characters are not. 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 5  SH1903 Example: O. Characterization The orator began his speech by saying, "Ladies and Characterization in literature refers to the step-by-step gentlemen, lend me your ears!" process wherein an author introduces and then describes a character. The character can be described directly by M. Paradox and Oxymoron the author or indirectly through the actions, thoughts, and A paradox is a statement that appears illogical or self- speech of the character. contradictory but, upon investigation, might actually be Example: true or plausible. Meanwhile, an oxymoron is a Danny was a poor fellow who lived in a small house. combination of two (2) words that expresses a In spite of this, he is a jolly and generous person. contradictory meaning. This device is often used for emphasis, for humor, to create tension, or to illustrate a P. Symbolism paradox. It refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, Note that a paradox is different from an oxymoron: a or other idea in a written work to represent something paradox is an entire phrase or sentence, whereas an else. oxymoron is a combination of just two words. Examples: Examples: "Gold" as a symbol of wealth and power Deafening silence, original copy, clearly "Dove" as a symbol of peace confused (oxymoron) High walls make not a palace; full coffers make II. Popular Themes and Forms in 21st Century not a king. (paradox) Philippine Literature A. Themes N. Rhythm and Rhyme According to Uychoco (2016), the prevalent themes Rhyme refers to the recurrence of similar sounds in prose in 21st Century Philippine Literature are poverty, and poetry, while rhythm is the pattern of the poem, gender inequality, identity, racism, justice system, marked by stressed and unstressed syllables. and homesickness. The said themes mirror the day- Example: to-day struggle and success of the Filipinos in the Twinkle, twinkle, little star, country and overseas. On the other hand, the How I wonder what you are. technological advancements and events in this era Up above the world so high. resulted in the rise of themes such as technology and Like a diamond in the sky. information age in World Literature (Walton, n.d.). Twinkle, twinkle, little star, Although themes such as uncontrolled and malign How I wonder what you are. artificial intelligence technology, global warming, and international conflict seem appealing, not all the 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 5  SH1903 writers of this era embraced it. Many were still more References: disposed to look back because they find greater Angeles, M. (2014, March 1). Is FlipTop the modern-day Balagtasan? Retrieved from imaginative stimulus in the past than in the present https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/350760/is- and the future (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019). fliptop-the-modern-day-balagtasan/story The aforementioned themes are evident in the Guariña, C. (2016, October 9). Watch: 10 Pinoy spoken word artists who literary pieces included in The Journal of caught our attention! Retrieved from https://myx.abs- Contemporary Philippine Literature by University cbn.com/features/3722/watch-10-pinoy-spoken-word-artists-who- caught-our-attention of the Philippines. Try reading the short story Troll Kemp, P. (2019, February 4). The 21st century. In Encyclopaedia by Nicko Manipis de Guzman and Ang Paglalakbay Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/English- ng Isang Kwento: Si Guacu, and Hunk na Lumpo by literature/The-21st-century Jov Almero, the poem Tarpo and Panalangin ng Literary devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://literary- Isang Pedicab Driver by Genaro Gojo Cruz, and the devices.com/content/allegory Literary devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from essay "Ang Mapa ng Taglagas sa Aking Maleta" by http://www.literarydevices.com/diction Eugene Evasco, and see how ideas in the said pieces Literary devices: definition & examples. (n.d.). Retrieved from revolved around themes such as poverty, justice, https://study.com/academy/lesson/literary-devices-definition-examples- technology, history, and identity. quiz.html Muniz, H. (2018, June 21). The 31 literary devices you must know. Retrieved from https://blog.prepscholar.com/list-of-literary-devices- B. Forms techniques The contemporary forms of Philippine literature Onomatopoeia. (n.d.). Retrieved from evolved from the old forms from the previous https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/words-that-sound-like-the- centuries. In poetry, we have textula, textanaga, rap thing-they-describe battle or FlipTop, and spoken word poetry. Textula Uychoco, M. (2016). 21st century literature from the Philippines and the world. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. and textanaga, an amalgam of "text messaging" and Walton, A. (n.d.). Themes in literature in the 21st century. Retrieved from poetic forms tula and tanaga, are brought by the https://classroom.synonym.com/themes-literature-21st-century- booming use of text messaging in the country 8320321.html (Yuson, 2003). The rap battle or FlipTop started in Yuson, A. (2003, February 17). Singatoons & textanaga. Philstar. Retrieved 2010 and considered by many as the modern from https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and- culture/2003/02/17/195759/singatoons-amp-textanaga balagtasan infused with hip hop culture (Angeles, 2014). Lastly, with the help of artists such as Sarah and Phil Kaye and Juan Miguel Severo, the love of the Filipinos for spoken word poetry has been rekindled (Guariña, 2016). 01 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 5