Bangladesh and Global Studies Class 8 Textbook PDF

Here is the transcription of the provided text into a structured Markdown format, including descriptions of the images in the document: ```markdown # Bangladesh and Global Studies ## Class Eight The book cover features the title "Bangladesh and Global Studies" and "Class Eight" in a clear, formal...

Here is the transcription of the provided text into a structured Markdown format, including descriptions of the images in the document: ```markdown # Bangladesh and Global Studies ## Class Eight The book cover features the title "Bangladesh and Global Studies" and "Class Eight" in a clear, formal typeface. Below the title, there's a collage of images showcasing various aspects of Bangladesh, including: * A black and white photo of people marching, possibly during a historical event. * A clear image of the National monument of Bangladesh. * Children in a field collecting water lilies. * A small group of deer standing near some small trees * Logos of international organizations such as: * World Health Organization * FAO * UNESCO * UNICEF * The logo of "National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh" is at the bottom. *** Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a textbook for class eight from the academic year 2013 **Bangladesh and Global Studies** Class Eight Revised for the year 2025 National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh *** Published by National Curriculum and Textbook Board 69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-1000 All rights reserved by the Publisher **First edition written, edited and translated by**:\ Dr. Muntassir Mamoon\ Prof. Shafiul Alam\ Abul Momen\ Dr. Mahboob Sadiq\ Dr. Morshed Shafiul Hasan Dr. Syed Azizul Huq\ Syed Mahfooz Ali Dr. Mamtazuddin Patwari Dr. Khondoker Mokaddem Hossain\ Dr. A K M Shahnawaz\ Dr. Abu Md. Delwar Hossain\ Dr. Selina Akhter\ Fahmida Haq\ Dr. Uttam Kumar Das\ Md. Anwarul Hoque\ Syeda Sangeeta Imam\ Prof. Golenoor Afrose Talukder\ Goutam Roy\ Surajit Roy Majumder Ainul Huda Atiq\ Mohammad Shahdat Hussain Bhuiya | | | | :-------------------- | :------------- | | First Publication | : December, 2012 | | Revised Edition | : November, 2015 | | Revised Edition | : November, 2018 | | Revised Edition | : October, 2024 | For free distribution by the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Printed by: *** ## Preface The importance of formal education is diversified. The prime goal of modern education is not to impart knowledge only but to build a prosperous nation by developing skilled human resources. At the same time, education is the best means of developing a society free from superstitions and adheres to science and facts. To stand as a developed nation in the science and technology-driven world of the 21st century, we need to ensure quality education. A well-planned education is essential for enabling our new generation to face the challenges of the age and to motivate them with the strength of patriotism, values, and ethics. In this context, the government is determined to ensure education as per the demand of the age. Education is the backbone of a nation and a curriculum provides the essence of formal education. Again, the most important tool for implementing a curriculum is the textbook. The National Curriculum 2012 has been adopted to achieve the goals of the National Education Policy 2010. In light of this, the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) has been persistently working on developing, printing, and distributing quality textbooks. This organization also reviews and revises the curriculum, textbook, and assessment methods according to needs and realities. Secondary education is a vital stage in our education system. This textbook is catered to the age, aptitude, and endless inquisitiveness of the students at this level, as well as to achieve the aims and objectives of the curriculum. It is believed that the book is written and meticulously edited by experienced and skilled teachers and experts will be conducive to a joyful experience for the students. It is hoped that the book will play a significant role in promoting creative and aesthetic spirits among students along with subject knowledge and skills. In the Bangladesh and Global Studies for Class VIII, sociology, history, civics, economics, and population-related issues have been presented in an integrated way. With this, students will get a clear picture of the society, environment, history, tradition, culture, and socio-economic and political conditions of Bangladesh. Along with this, it will help them build their status and identity on a large scale. It is hoped that by practicing the contents, they will make themselves as responsible global citizens. By using the acquired knowledge, they can play an important role in the development of the society and provide solutions to global problems. It may be mentioned here that due to the changing situation in 2024, and as per the needs, the textbook has been reviewed and revised for the academic year 2025. It is mentionable here that the last version of the textbook developed according to curriculum 2012 has been taken as the basis. Meticulous attention has been paid to the textbook to make it more learner-friendly and error-free. However, any suggestions for further improvement of this book will be appreciated. Finally, I would like to thank all of those who have contributed to the book as writers, editors, reviewers, illustrators, and graphic designers. October, 2024 Prof. Dr. A K M Reazul Hassan Chairman National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Bangladesh *** ## Contents | Chapter | Title | Pages | | :-------- | :----------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | | One | Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal | 1-14 | | Two | Description of Archaeological Heritage of Colonial Age | 15-21 | | Three | The Liberation War of Bangladesh | 22-43 | | Four | Economy of Bangladesh | 44-55 | | Five | Bangladesh: State and Government System | 56-72 | | Six | Cultural Change of Bangladesh | 73-85 | | Seven | Socialization | 86-94 | | Eight | Ethnic Groups of Bangladesh | 95-109 | | Nine | Social Problems of Bangladesh | 110-116 | | Ten | Population and Development of Bangladesh | 117-122 | | Eleven | Climate and Natural Disasters in Bangladesh | 123-139 | | Twelve | Natural Resources of Bangladesh | 140-150 | | Thirteen | Bangladesh and Various Regional and International Associate Organisations | 151-156 | *** ## Chapter One **Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal** Though the European Traders came to Bengal for the purpose of trade and commerce, they came into our state power later. Among them, the British East India Company went a step ahead in competition. At that time, they ascended the throne of Bengal by defeating the nawab of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa, Siraj-ud-daulah in 1757. The rule of the English continues in Bengal till 1947. Thus, the system of government which came into power in 1757 in Bengal is called colonial rule. The rule of the English from 1757 to 1947 is known as the colonial age. By the end of this chapter, we will be able to: * explain what a colony is; * realize the importance of expansion and termination of a colony; * describe the arrival of the European colonizers to Bengal and the expansion of trade; * explain the causes of the establishment of English rule in Bengal; * explain and evaluate the activities of English rule; * explain the characteristics of the East India Company; * describe the socio-economic condition of Bengal during the reign of the East India Company; * realize the influence of English rule; * explain the characteristics of British rule; * evaluate the impact of British rule; * explain the idea of upsurge in Bengal. Forma-1, Bangladesh and Global Studies, Class-8 *** Lesson-1: Colonial rule in Bengal Colonization is a process. Usually, through this process, a country uses influence on other countries with a view to exploiting economically and for financial gain. Here, the country under possession becomes the colony of the controlling country. Bengal was under British colony for about 200 years. Colonization began with the fall of Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah in the battle of Plassey which ended through different movements in 1947. Before learning about the introduction of colonial rule, it is necessary to learn what the political situation in Bengal was at that time. Political background of the Bengal: Pre-colonial rule It is known that human inhabitation began in Bengal from ancient period. Usually, this region was always full of wealth. As a result, people from different places had started to arrive here much before the English. The main attraction for all was the abundance of wealth in Bengal. Aryan speaking people arrived in Bengal before the Christian era. The Maurya emperor of India Ashoka, the great, occupied the northern part of Bengal in 300 BC. At that time, the northern Bengal known as Pundranagar (Pundra Bardhan Bhukti) became the province of the Mauryans. After the Maurya rule, the Gupta dynasty takes over the rule of India. During the next four centuries, the North Bengal and some parts of South-East Bengal came under the rule of Gupta dynasty. In 7th century, after the fall of the Guptas, the first independent state was established in the then Bengal. After his death, great anarchy had been prevailing for almost one hundred years. In Sanskrit, this age is known as the age of Matsyanaya (the age of anarchy). Then a long-lasting Bangalee state was established in the middle of the 8th century. The Bangalee Pal kings reigned for almost four hundred years. After the fall of the Pals, Bengal went under the rule of the foreigners again at the end of 11th century. Coming from Karnatak of Southern India, the kings of Sen Dynasty occupied the throne of Bengal. The rule of the Sen came to an end at the hand of the external Muslim forces. Sen dynasty ended with the advent of Turkish General Ikhtiar uddin Mohammad Bin Bakhtiar Khiljee who had come from abroad in search of fortune and introduced 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal Muslim rule in Bengal through defeating Lakshman Sen. The Nadiya region to the west of Bengal and some parts of Northern Bengal were under reign and control of Bakhtiar Khiljee from 1204 to 1206 AD. From 1206-1338 A.D. the Muslim rule was spread in Bengal. By this time, three provinces of the Delhi Saltanate were established in three sections of Bengal. These were respectively 'Lakhnouti' established in Northern Bengal, 'Satgaon' in Western Bengal and 'Sonargaon' in Eastern Bengal. In 1338, the ruler of Sonargaon Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah rebelled against the Mulsim Sultans of Delhi and declared independence. Thus, he established the system of having an 'Independent Sultan' in Bengal which lasted for 200 years. Thus, the independent Sultani dynasty begins. It is supposed that the real sovereignty was established in Bengal by sultan Shamsuddin Ilias Shah through the capture of a major portion of whole Bengal. Ilias Shah conferred on himself the titles Shah-E-Bangala and Shah-E-Bangalian. The other noteworthy ruler of the Sultani dynasty was Sultan Alauddin Husen Shah. His contribution endless to the establishment of religious harmony and the flourishment of arts and literature. In 1538 this independent Sultanate came to an end. Though the Sultans were non-Bangalee rulers; they exercised good governance and nobody returned to his own country. Before that Mughals occupied the throne of Delhi. Mughal Emperor Humayun occupied Gaura in Northern Bengal i.e. 'Lakhnouti' in 1538 AD. But he could not establish Mughal rule in Bengal then. Because the Afgan ruler of Bihar, Sher Khan Sur, drove Humayun away first from Bengal and afterwards from India. In this phase, the power of Bengal went to the hands of Afgans. The Mughals organized themselves in India again and defeated the Afgans in the battle of Rajmahal and occupied the throne of Delhi. In 1576 during the reign of Emperor Akbar the great, many parts of Western Bengal and Northern Bengal came under the reign of the Mughals. But they could not occupy the Eastern part of Bengal i.e. today's Bangladesh very easily. The twelve Zaminders of East Bengal, popularly known as 'Baro Bhuiyan', resisted Mughal attacks in a body. Man Singh, the commander of Mughal emperor Akbar, tried to defeat Isha Khan, leader of the Baro Bhuiyans, but he could not. In 1610 during the reign of Emperor Jahangir, Mughal Subedar Islam Khan defeated the Baro Bhuiyan and occupied Dhaka. 2025 *** Bangladesh and Global Studies Thus the Mughals took the possession of Bengal. This Mughal rule continued till the middle of the 19th century. In 1757, with the fall of Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah in the battle of Plassey, the rule of the Mughal dynasty finally came to an end. In this period, the power of ruling Bengal was captured by the English force. Thus, the Colonial powers started to rule over this territory. **Activity -1** What do you mean by Colonial Rule? Explain it. **Activity-2** Name the rulers of Bengal from 300 BC to Colonial Age in order of succession. Lesson-2: The arrival of European and the expansion of trade in Bengals In 1498, Vasco-de-Gama, a Portuguese sailor reached Kalikot port of South India. This incident gave a chance for other countries to contest in the competition of expanding trade and commerce in India. Many different countries of Europe started to involve in this competition. For this purpose in 17th century Dutch India Company (Holland), Danish East India Company, British East India Company and French East India Company were established one by one. India became the target of many of these nations. Silk and many other fine clothes and the different spices of Bengal were the chief attractions for them. The foreign merchants established big industries and earned a huge profit; they could do so by combining their capital with technical knowledge and by employing local workers to work hard. With the passage of time, English merchants became more important than the Portuguese. Besides, the French, the Danish and the Dutch merchants also established industries and conducted business in Bengal. French tourist Barnyard wrote in 1666 'The Dutch sometimes employed 7-8 hundred workers in their silk factory at Kashimbazar.' The English and the merchants of other nations also conducted business of this type. French tourist Barnyard also mentioned 22 thousand bales of Silk were produced every year only at Kashimbazar. One English representative named Job Charnok bought three villages called Kolkata, Sutanoti, and Gobindopur for 1200 taka in 1690, which is later on known as Kolkata. 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal This time Kolkata, Chandannagar, Chuchura and Kashimbazar started to flourish rapidly. With the flourishing of their trade centers, the English merchants also started to smuggle capital from Bengal. Because of being expert in entrepreneurship and ill business strategies, the British East India Company began to dominated the other European companies in competition. They received the right to business here by making Kuthi (commercial office), deploying army, and setting up industries. Before the Battle of Plassey and during the reigns of Mir Jafar and Mir Kashim, much of Bengal's wealth was smuggled to England. **Activity-1** Make a list of the European Powers that came to India. **Activity-2** How did the British East India Company spread business? Lesson-3: The Success of Colonial Power in Bengal After the death of Nawab Alibardi Khan, his grandson, Siraj-ud-daulah, was crowned Nawab at the age of 22. Just after his coronation, he had to face two major problems. One was the difficult task of facing the English with their increasing power and addressing the attacks of Marathas; the other was to resist the conspiracy of his Eldest-maternal aunt Ghosety Begum, the commander-in-chief Mir Jafar Ali Khan and some other close associates. Siraj had also to face a third opposition. A power-greedy Indian business community emerged at big business centers with the expansion of economic activities. A group of local influential businessmen emerged. They were the Marwari businessmen coming from Rajputana. Mentionable among them were Jagat Sheth, Umichand, and so on. More than one local conspirators and the English got united against the Nawab. The incompetence of the Nawab in running administration made the opposition's footing stronger. The ultimate result is the 23rd June 1757 the defeat and tragic death of Nawab of Bengal-Bihar and Orissa at the battle of Plassey and the defeat of Bengal at the hands of English. After win, although the English 2025 *** Bangladesh and Global Studies made Mir Jafor the Nawab, the main ruling power rested with them. Cunning English General, Robert Clive, became all in all. However, at the battle of Boxer in 1764 with the fall of Mir Kashim, a decedent of Mir Jafor, the administrative power of Bengal formally rested with the English. What were the reasons for successes of a foreign company, that is, a colonist power? There were some main reasons although there- 1. Incompetency, internal conflicts and conspiracy of the local rulers and Nawab's lack of experiences 2. Continuously emerging economy and military force of the English and lack of local rulers' leadership quality and power to understand the shrewdness 3. Improved military force, strategy of war, and leadership of the English 4. The gap between the rulers and the ruled was so widened that the economically exploited and oppressed common people remained inactive in the tussle between the Nawab and the English. The indifference of the common people gave an advantage to the English. **Activity-1** What is the battle of Plassey? **Activity-2** Why did the English win in Bengal? Lesson-4 & 5: The Colonial Rule and exploitation The English Rule in this country is basically divided into two periods: A. The East India Company Rule (1765-1857) B. The British Government Rule (1858-1947) Following the Battle of Boxer, a treaty was signed in 1965 between Mughal Emperor Shah Alam the 2nd and the governor of EAST India Company. Clive conferred the administrative and judicial power on the Nawab of Bengal while the East India Company was in control of the defense. It is called dual administration. 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal The Diarchy was an extreme curse for the people of this country. The English, after getting authority of collecting revenue, increased the amount of tax on the subjects and they gave maximum pressure to collect additional tax. Apart from this, the country faced a great famine due to draught for 3 years. This famine is known in history as the "Chhiyattorer Monontar" meaning the famine of Bangalee year 1176. Million of people died in this famine. This amount was one third of the total population of the then Bengal. From 1773, the title of Governors General of the East India Company became Governor General. Some notable Governor Generals were Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwallis, Lord Wellesley, Lord William Bentinck, Lord Hardinge, Lord Dalhousie etc. In order to expand the British Empire in India, they took various steps including establishment of post and telecommunication and railway. 1. Land and revenue management was given to the British Governor General according to Indian administration law passed by British parliament in 1858. 2. A class of Zamindars was created by implementing 'Permanent Settlement' in 1793 and those Zamindars always remained loyal to the British. 3. British authority in the control of administration was ensured. 4. Various administrative offices, educational and commercial institutions were shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta, transforming it into an important city. In 1772, Warren Hastings officially declared Calcutta as the capital of British India. But it is true that English governors like Lord William Bentink and Lord Hardinge took steps to expand education, stop early marriage and to introduce widow-marriage. They also introduced the practice of modern science. Besides, they co-operated with Bangalees like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Biddasagar in their attempts to eradicate some social superstitions including 'Sateedah' which means that widow will also be burnt with the dead body of her husband. Thus, a new educated civil society emerged in the country, but the greater Bangalee community was oppressed by the British rule. 2025 *** Bangladesh and Global Studies The British East India Company did not stop even after getting the control of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. The Mughal Empire faced a crisis after the death of emperor Aurongozeb. Some Nawabs and local kings started to contest the power of the Mughal Empire. Thus, the throne of Delhi became weaker consequently. Company army officers tried to expand their control in different fields. A mutiny spread among sepoys in different barracks of British controlled reign in 1857. But the English could control this mutiny as they had sophisticated weapon-skilled soldiers. Their tricks and barbarism also helped them to this effect. After this incident, Indian Rule Act was passed in the British Parliament on 2nd August, 1858, through which the rule of the East India Company came to an end. The British Government took the direct control of India. A great majority number of people during the British rule (1858-1947) were farmers; on the other hand, a small minority was the privileged Zamindar class. The number of people connected with cottage and small industries was very few. Agriculture, the backbone of economy was almost ruined during the British rule. The same was the case with the weaving industry which was once very famous. The business community of Bengal was not organized. The condition of Bengal in industry was also not worth mentioning. The women-folk lagged behind due to social norms and superstitions. The middle class society also could not become powerful. At that time, Britain was the richest country of the world while India was a British colony and a place of exploitation. **Activity-1** What is the famine of 'Chiyattar'? Explain its causes. **Activity-2** How was India ruled by the English during the reign of the East India Company? 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal Lesson-6 & 7: Reaction of Colonial Rule: Renaissance in Bengal and Anti-British Movement The English wanted to make their rule stronger. With this intention they started to create an English educated class that would remain loyal to them. Warren Hastings established Kolkata Madrasa in 1781. The purpose of establishing this madrasah was to satisfy the Muslims by creating job opportunities as the Muslims were broken hearted because of losing their state. For the same reason, Sanskrit College was established for the Hindus in 1791. A new inspiration aroused the local people for coming in touch with modern education. People started to question the age-old beliefs, norms and culture. Movement against 'Sateedah' started from the Hindus; opinions were formed in favour of 'Widow-marriage'. The country witnessed a new tide which was limited but very effective in changing the age-old beliefs of the people. English missionary Sir William Kerri kept himself attached in various social activities apart from active preaching of Christianity. He was a pioneer in composing Bengalee Grammar, setting up printing machines, publishing newspapers, preparing school textbooks and many other important social works. In this sequence, the British established schools throughout the country. Some colleges were also established for higher studies. At last Kolkata University was established in 1857 as a seat of higher education and research. The establishment of a Printing Press at Shreerampur in 1821 also played a positive role in inspiring the people of Bengal. The printing press facilitated the printing of books and thus to spread out education among the educated people. Many came forward to create public opinion by publishing newspapers in Bengalee language. Raja Rammohun Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar have laid the foundation of society reform. Derozi, Vidyasagar created awareness of freedom in the open mind. Bengalee language and literature were developed by Vidyasagar, Bangkim Chandra, Michael Madhusudan and Rabindranath. the contribution to Bengalee literature of Mir Mosharrof Hossain, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam in also very extensive. Forma-2, Bangladesh and Global Studies, Class-8 *** Bangladesh and Global Studies Though this renaissance/reawakening of Bengalee people happened at Kolkata city, the entire Bengal witnessed its indirect result. The flourishing of nationalistic feelings inspired by patriotism is another hallmark of modern education during colonial rule. The desire for independence and democratic rights started to spring up in people's mind. The Anti-British Movement took its final origin due to the planning of the partition of Bengal in 1905 AD. But the British rulers wanted to convey that the reason behind was the benevolence of the country. That time, the periphery (boundary line) of Bengal was very large. Eastern Bengal, Western Bengal, Bihar and Orissa constituted the greater Bangla. So, it was difficult for the Kolkata based British rulers to exercise good governance in remote regions. For this, development work in Eastern Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was not possible. In 1903 British Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed that Bengal would be divided into two provinces for the sake of exercising good governance. A new province named East Bengal would be formed declaring Dhaka its capital. The control of this province would be in the hands of a Lt. Governor. Despite the logic, the main objective was to divide the gradual increasing Anti-British Movement in Bengal. By dividing Bengal, the British Rulers wanted to breach the communal harmony between the Hidus and the Muslims. Most of the people of Eastern Bengal were Muslims. They thought that with the emergence of a new province, development work would be strengthened. But the educated Hindu leaders protested against the division of Bengal. For this reason the gap between the two communities increased. Indian National Congress was the only non-communal Indian political organization. But most of the great leaders of congress were Hindus. They raised their voice against the partition of Bengal without consulting with the Muslim leaders. So, a new calculation arose among the Muslim leaders that they would need a political platform of their own to secure their demands. Consequently in 1906 AD an organization named 'Muslim league' was formed in Dhaka. The intention of the British was materialized. The conflict between the two sects was made clear after the division of Bengal in 1905 AD. The Bangalee Hindu leaders increasingly insisted upon the British that partition of Bengal would not be wise. In fact, the partition of Bengal in 1905 was one of the manifestations of the British policy of 'Divide and Rule'. 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal Swadhikar Andolan The Bangalees never accepted the British rulers without protest. Throughout the British rule, there were various resistance movements all over India including Bengal. Of these movements, the name of the fakir-Sannyasi movement comes first, then comes the Sepoy revolt of 1857. The Sepoy Rebolt was the first anti-British freedom struggle. For a long time, the East India Company's economic, political exploitation, social and cultural deprivation, persecution, hurt of religious sentiments and, above all, discriminatory treatment of Indian soldiers have served as the precursors of this revolt. Sepoy Mongol Pandey and habildar Rajob Ali led this mutiny in Bengal. The rulers of different areas of India who wanted freedom joined their hands with the sepoys in this mutiny. Some of these groups are Queen Lakshmibai of Jansey and Tatiya Tupee of Moharastra. The monarch of Delhi Bahadur Shah Jafar also supported the sepoys. Various movements started in the whole of Bengal centering on the Partition of Bengal in 1905. These include the Swadeshi movement, the boycott movement, the Swaraj and the armed movement. Through the Swadeshi movement, various programs like boycott of British products and education; and introduction of local products and education were taken up. Armed revolutionary movement was formed among the educated youth. This armed revolutionary activity lasted until the 1930s in the midst of a brief ups and downs. Among them are Khudiram, Bagha Jatin, Masterda Suryasen, Pritilata Waddedar and other revolutionaries. Each of them sacrificed for the country. Pritilata was the first female martyr of the anti-British movement. Besides, various constitutional and nationalist movements were going on at the national level all over India including Bengal. Notable among these are Non-cooperation Movement, Khelaphate Movement, 'Quit India' Movement etc. Some of the notable Bangalees leaders involved in these national level movements are Netaji Subhash Bose, Chittaranjan Das, Hossain Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque and others. 2025 *** Bangladesh and Global Studies Lesson-8: Lahore Proposal and Establishment of Pakistan Shre-E-Bangla A K Fazlul Hoque placed a resolution at Lahor in 1940. This resolution called for the formation of states with Muslim majority areas in India. Lahor resolution got widespread support from the mass people of the country. Later, the Lahor resolution was amended to adopt the Pakistan resolution, on the basis of that India was divided in 1947 giving birth to two independent states namely India and Pakistan. At the same time, almost two hundred years of English rule came to an end. With the partition of India, Bengal was also divided into two parts - the Muslim-inhabited East Bengal was annexed to Pakistan and the Hindu-dominated West Bengal was annexed to India. However, the Hindu and Muslim leaders of the Bengal Congress and the Muslim League did not accept this part of Bengal in the same way. Sarat Bose and Hossain Shaheed Suhrawardy were trying to establish a united Bengal state, but that attempt was not successful. Despite being free from the british subjugation, the people of East Pakistan could not enjoy the taste of real independence. **Activity-l** Write down the names of ten social reformers in Bengal. **Activity-2** Name the institutions which play an important role in Bangalee renaissance. **Activity-3** Explain the causes of nullification of the division of Bengal. **Activity-4** Explain the causes of division of India. 2025 *** Colonial Age and the Liberation War of Bengal **Exercise** **MCQ** 1. Who established Independent Sultanate in Bengal? a. Nawab Siraj-ud-dawlah b. Nawab Aliwardi Khan c. Fakaruddin Mubarak Shah d. Ikhtiar uddin Mohammad Bin Bakhtiar Khiljee 2. The tenure of one hundred years after the death of King Shashanko is called the Age of Matsyanaya, because - i. mere anarchy prevailed in the country ii. larger fishes swallowed up smaller ones iii the rulers were incapable of good governance. Which one of the following is correct? a. i & ii c. i & iii b. ii & iii d. i, ii & iii Read the following stem and answer the questions No. 3 and 4. Mahim's grandfather narrated a historical event to him. He told the Nawab of Bengal was liable for his ruling system but he had to depend on another authority for bearing the expenditure. 3. Which picture of governance is reflected here? a. Nawabi rule c. Subedari rule b. Dual administration d. British rule 4. As a result of circumstances narrated in the stem- i. economic flourishment occurred ii. people were in a great loss iii. rebel attitude developed Which one of the following is correct? a. i c. iii b. ii d. i, ii & iii *** Bangladesh and Global Studies **Creative Question** Nabinpur lagged behind in education. As a result, people of this locality lagged behind in all fields. An influential and wealthy person of the locality established a primary school, a high school and a college. People of the locality gradually became educated. The people of that locality became socially conscious within the span of several years. Rayhana, an educated youth of the locality, made people conscious about female education. a. Who was appointed the first Viceroy in India? b. Why did a great famine occur in this country in the Bengalee year of 1176? c. What happened in Bengal in 19th century which is similar to the situation narrated in the stem? Explain. d. "It is because of educated woman like Rayhana that the path of woman's education is smooth in this country"- Justify this statement. 2025 *** ## Chapter Two **Description of Archaeological Heritage of Colonial Age** Two hundred years of British rule in Bangladesh are known as Colonial Age (1757-1947). Apart from this, we had to live under Pakistani colonial rule for two decades. A good number of zamindar houses, traders' houses, offices, courts, railway stations, educational institutions and other archaeological sites were built in this country during the British rule. The meaning of 'Archaeology' is old or ancient. By archaeological resource we mean the old settlement and artistic work, statue or sculpture, ornament, coins of ancient period and old valuable furniture. We can get an idea of socio-cultural condition, life style, beliefs and superstitions, taste and outlook of the people of that age. By the end of this chapter, we will be able to: * give description of the religious architectures of Dhaka city built in the colonial era; * tell the names of the areas where religious buildings were built; * describe the temporal buildings built in Dhaka during the colonial era; * tell which ones were built by the government and which ones were by public; * describe houses built by the zamindars outside Dhaka; * describe the temples built by the zamindars outside Dhaka; * explain the importance of Sonargaon during the colonial age on the basis of archaeology; * describe Panam city and Sardarbari; * tell where the archaeological testimonies of the colonial period are kept; * tell about the preserved tokens in the mausoleums; * eager to archeological places and assets and be inspired to preserve them. *** Lesson-1: Archaeological works of Dhaka city Among the archaeological works of Dhaka city during colonial age are a good number of mosques, temples and churches. The mosques of Dhaka were built according to the Mughal artistic pattern. A trace of European pattern was also added to it. Mentionable mosques built at Dhaka in 19th century are Lalbagh Mosque at Horonath Ghos Road, Lakshmibazar Shahi Mosque, Kolutola Jame Mosque at Sutrapur, Becharem Dewri Mosque, Kayettuli Mosque and Setara Begum Mosque at Sutrapur. The artistic and structural works of these mosques are very beautiful. Chini Tikri Mosque at Narinda is another site of artistic work. The Imambara Hossainnee Dalan of the Shias damaged by an earthquake was rebuilt during the English rule. The famous Dhakeshwari Mandir and Ramna Kali Mandir in Dhaka city were established much before the colonial period. However, the Ramna Kali Mandir was renovated newly during the Colonial reign. A good number of churches were built at Dhaka during the 18th-19th century. The Armanian Church is the oldest of them. This was established at Armanitola in 1781 A.D. The Saint Thomas Anglican Church and the Holy Cross Church were established at Dhaka in 19th century. Bahadur Shah Park located at Sadarghat near Jagannath University is another archeological site of old Dhaka. Nawab Abdul Gani of Dhaka built this park in the middle of 19th century. He named this park 'Victoria Park' after the name of Queen Victoria. Before this, the name of this place was 'Antaghar Moydan'. The history of first Indian independence war of 1857 A.D. is related to the name of 'Antaghar Moydan.' The local soldiers of the British army revolted against the British and started independence war in 1857 A.D. To the English, this was 'Sepoy Mutiny'. The Indian soldiers could not win the battle. The English hanged the rebel soldiers who became captive at their hands. The hanging was executed at this Antarghar Moydan on the trees. A memorial was built at this place in 1957 A.D. after one hundred years of this incident. This memorial was built in memory of the hanged