Describe the pathway of sound vibrations through the structures of the ear to the brain. Include how the nature of that signal changes during that journey (e.g. mechanical vs. elec... Describe the pathway of sound vibrations through the structures of the ear to the brain. Include how the nature of that signal changes during that journey (e.g. mechanical vs. electrochemical)? Name 2 essential enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology and describe their roles. Please explain how an ELISA works. Use the following words (Primary antibody, Enzyme, Antigen Secondary antibody, Substrate) to describe how an indirect ELISA test (like the one we did in class) can be used to detect disease. Whether you received the chickenpox vaccine or were infected with the chickenpox, your body had a primary immune response, resulting in the creation of antibodies to this pathogen. Explain the four main steps of this primary immune response. Explain the differences between the primary and secondary immune responses by using the graph below. Consider the following in your answer: antibody levels in blood, antibody affinity, time for response to occur and be effective, why the two responses are different. The ELISA test can also be used to detect antibodies that are produced in response to a specific antigen. Using information about how you completed this ELISA experiment, outline a procedure to test for antibodies in the blood. Home pregnancy tests use ELISA technology. When a woman is pregnant, her body produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Explain how antibodies can be used to detect this hormone and are linked to the color change a woman may see on a positive test. You have two strains of E. coli. The first strain, E. coli I, contains a gene found on the plasmid DNA coding for ciprofloxacin (cipro for short) resistance. The second strain, E. coli II, contains a gene found on the chromosomal DNA coding for penicillin resistance. You streak both strains on each of the plates below onto the half of the plate that corresponds with the strain number. Explain what you expect to see on each section of each plate. What are the parts of the bacteria cell? If the stock solution in tube D1 has a concentration of 500 mg/ml, what would be the concentration of the solution in each of the other tubes? Anthony still insists that he needs an antibiotic to treat his viral infection. Explain to him why an antibiotic will not help him get better. Complete the vaccine table Type of Vaccine How it is made. E. coli I, which contains a gene on its plasmid DNA coding for resistance to ciprofloxacin, is mixed and incubated together with E. coli II, which contains a gene on its chromosomal DNA coding for resistance to penicillin. A new strain of E. coli is produced, and it is resistant to both ciprofloxacin and penicillin. What most likely occurred to create this new strain? Be specific about the process and the role of each type of E.coli. Why are penicillins often more effective against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria? What does PCR stand for and when/why is it used? You work for the FDA and need to decide whether to approve one of the new COVID-19 vaccines. What are four characteristics you are looking for to judge the vaccine’s effectiveness? Read more