1. Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids. 2. Write salient features of SN2 mechanism. (Any 4 points) 3. Define: a) Nanoscience b) Nanotechnology c) Nanomaterial d)... 1. Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids. 2. Write salient features of SN2 mechanism. (Any 4 points) 3. Define: a) Nanoscience b) Nanotechnology c) Nanomaterial d) Nanochemistry 4. Write uses of LDP and HDP. 5. Write preparation of glucose from sucrose. 6. Write the structure of Zwitter ion of sulfanilic acid. 7. Write Wolf-Kishner reduction reaction of ethyl phenyl ketone. 8. Write the chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol using cumene. 9. Write four postulates of Werner theory of coordination complexes. 10. Define: Interstitial compounds. Write properties of interstitial compounds. 11. Write difference between Lanthanoids and Actinoids. 12. Define: Interhalogen compounds. Write general characteristics of interhalogen compounds. 13. Distinguish between rhombic and monoclinic sulfur. 14. Explain integrated rate law for the first order reactions in solutions. 15. Define: Isothermal, Isobaric, Isochoric and adiabatic processes. 16. Draw labeled diagram of H2-O2 fuel cell. Read more

1. Crystalline: ordered, sharp melting; Amorphous: disordered, range melting. 2. SN2: Bimolecular, inversion, single transition, depends on both. 3. a) Study at nanoscale, b) Practical applications, c) <100 nm materials, d) Nanoscale chemistry. 4. LDP: bags; HDP: bottles. 5. Sucrose hydrolysis. 6. Zwitter: NH3+, SO3-. 7. Ethylbenzene via hydrazine. 8. Phenol from cumene. 9. Werner: valences, coordination. 10. Interstitial: hard, metallic. 11. Lanthanoids natural, actinoids radioactive. 12. Interhalogen: more reactive. 13. Rhombic: stable; Monoclinic: above 96°C. 14. First order: ln[A] = -kt + ln[A0]. 15. Isothermal: T const.; Isobaric: P const.; Isochoric: V const.; Adiabatic: Q=0. 16. Fuel cell: H2+O2=H2O.

1. Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids: Crystalline solids have a structured, repeating lattice arrangement and sharp melting points, while amorphous solids have a disordered structure and melt over a range of temperatures.
2. SN2 Mechanism Features: Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, single transition state, inversion of configuration, rate depends on concentration of both substrate and nucleophile.
3. Definitions: a) Nanoscience: Study of structures/interfaces at the nanometer scale (1-100 nm). b) Nanotechnology: Manipulation of matter on an atomic/molecular scale for practical applications. c) Nanomaterial: Materials with structural components smaller than 100 nm. d) Nanochemistry: Branch of chemistry concerned with chemical processes at the nanoscale.
4. Uses of LDP & HDP:
   • LDP (Low-Density Polyethylene): Used in plastic bags, containers, and tubing.
   • HDP (High-Density Polyethylene): Used in bottles, pipes, and plastic lumber.
5. Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose: Sucrose can be hydrolyzed using an acid (e.g., HCl) to produce glucose and fructose.
6. Zwitter Ion of Sulfanilic Acid: The structured form with a positively charged NH3+ group and a negatively charged SO3- group.
7. Wolf-Kishner Reduction Reaction: Converts ethyl phenyl ketone to ethylbenzene using hydrazine (N2H4) under basic conditions.
8. Phenol Preparation using Cumene: Involves oxidation of cumene to cumene hydroperoxide, followed by acid-catalyzed rearrangement to phenol and acetone.
9. Werner Theory Postulates: Explanation of coordination compounds based on primary and secondary valences, spatial arrangement, and fixed coordination numbers.
10. Interstitial Compounds: Formed when small atoms occupy spaces in a metal lattice. Properties include hardness, high melting points, and metallic conductivity.
11. Lanthanoids vs. Actinoids:
    • Lanthanoids have f-electron contraction and occur naturally.
    • Actinoids are mostly radioactive and involve 5f electrons.
12. Interhalogen Compounds: Formed between different halogens with general formulae like AX, AX3, AX5, AX7. They are generally more reactive than homonuclear halogen molecules.
13. Rhombic vs. Monoclinic Sulfur:
    • Rhombic Sulfur: Stable at room temperature, rhombic crystals.
    • Monoclinic Sulfur: Stable above 96°C, needle-shaped crystals.
14. First Order Reactions: Rate depends linearly on reactant concentration. Integrated rate law is ln[A] = -kt + ln[A0].
15. Thermodynamic Processes:
    • Isothermal: Constant temperature.
    • Isobaric: Constant pressure.
    • Isochoric: Constant volume.
    • Adiabatic: No heat exchange.
16. H2-O2 Fuel Cell Diagram: Involves anode and cathode reactions using hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, typically represented in a schematic layout.