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Questions and Answers
What is the central nervous system made up of?
The brain and the spinal cord
What are the branches on the cell bodies that act as receivers of messages from adjacent neurons called?
Dendrites
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
False
What is the function of the medulla in the hindbrain?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters are known as catecholamines?
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What are the two main sections of the forebrain?
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Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating heart and blood pressure?
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What is the primary role of the axon in a neuron?
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The synapse is a _______ filled gap between neurons.
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What is the role of the limbic system?
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The spinal cord transmits messages from the body to the brain only.
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Study Notes
The Nervous System Overview
- Composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- CNS includes the brain and spinal cord; PNS consists of somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Components of the CNS
- Brain: Divided into various regions with specific functions.
- Spinal Cord: Transmits messages between the brain and body; consists of afferent (toward the brain) and efferent (away from the brain) pathways.
Structure of Neurons
- Cell Body: Vital part of the neuron, containing the nucleus.
- Dendrites: Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons.
- Axon: Projection that carries messages away from the cell body.
- Synaptic Knobs: Tips at the end of axons that send messages to adjacent neurons.
- Synapse: Gap between neurons filled with fluid, facilitating communication.
Brain Regions
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Hindbrain:
- Medulla: Processes sensory information from the heart.
- Pons: Connects hindbrain and midbrain.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates voluntary muscle movements.
- Midbrain: Pathway for sensory and motor impulses between forebrain and hindbrain.
- Forebrain: Divided into diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (cerebral cortex hemispheres).
Functions of Different Brain Areas
- Frontal Lobe: Involved in motor activity, intelligence, planning, problem-solving, emotions, and self-awareness.
- Temporal Lobe: Associated with hearing, vision, smell, and memory.
- Parietal Lobe: Processes bodily sensations and body movement.
- Occipital Lobe: Primary visual area of the brain.
Contralateral Control
- Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information and controls motor responses from the opposite side of the body.
Limbic System
- Key components include:
- Amygdala: Detects threats and regulates emotional responses.
- Hippocampus: Involved in the formation of emotional memories.
- Cingulate Gyrus, Septum: Associated with emotional functioning.
Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals that regulate nervous system activities.
- Catecholamines: Include epinephrine and norepinephrine, released during stress to promote sympathetic nervous system activities.
Spinal Cord Function
- Acts as a conduit for transmission of messages between the brain and body, producing muscle actions through the efferent pathway and relaying sensory information via the afferent pathway.
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