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Questions and Answers
Which crystal is described as dissolving in acids without effervescence?
Which crystal is described as dissolving in acids without effervescence?
What primary metabolite consists mainly of amylose and amylopectin?
What primary metabolite consists mainly of amylose and amylopectin?
Which method is used to identify primary metabolites?
Which method is used to identify primary metabolites?
What is a characteristic of calcium carbonate crystals?
What is a characteristic of calcium carbonate crystals?
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Which of the following compounds is classified as a secondary metabolite?
Which of the following compounds is classified as a secondary metabolite?
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What is the result of performing the Molisch test on starch?
What is the result of performing the Molisch test on starch?
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How can starch be microscopically identified?
How can starch be microscopically identified?
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What is the primary composition of fixed oils and fats in plants?
What is the primary composition of fixed oils and fats in plants?
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Which reagent is used to test for proteins, resulting in a red color upon warming?
Which reagent is used to test for proteins, resulting in a red color upon warming?
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Which of the following describes simple aggregation in starch granules?
Which of the following describes simple aggregation in starch granules?
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Study Notes
Plant Cell Types & Contents
- Plant cells are identified microscopically, chemically, and physically.
- Physical identification includes cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles.
- Chemical identification uses plant metabolites like primary and secondary metabolites.
- Microscopic identification includes crystals like calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate.
Calcium Oxalate
- Calcium oxalate crystals are insoluble in water, glycerin, alcohol, chloral hydrate and caustic alkalis.
- They dissolve in acids without effervescence.
- Types include prisms, crystal sheath (e.g., Senna), clusters, crystal layers (e.g., Rhubarb, Datura), and Raphides/acicular crystals (e.g., Squill, Ipecacuanha).
- Some examples of plants containing calcium oxalate crystals are Senna, Rhubarb, Datura, and Belladonna.
Calcium Carbonate
- Calcium carbonate (cystolith) is found in hairs, like those of Cannabis sativa.
- It dissolves in dilute acids with effervescence,.
Plant Metabolites
- Primary Metabolites (Food Storage Products): Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- Secondary Metabolites: By-products of metabolism, including alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins, resins, and more.
Carbohydrates
- Occur in plants as granules (amylose and amylopectin).
- Amylose forms 20% of starch, and amylopectin makes about 80%.
- Starch is insoluble in water but turns blue with iodine.
- Uses include itching remedies, iodine poisoning, lubricants, tablet disintegrants and barium meal suspending agents.
Protein
- Proteins are nitrogenous organic compounds, polymers of L-amino acids.
- Stored in plants as aleurone grains.
- Proteins are microscopically identified using Million's reagent which stains proteins red on warming.
Fixed Oils and Fats
- Found in various plant parts, especially seeds
- Chemically, they are mixtures of fatty acid esters with glycerol.
- These components are hydrolyzed by aqueous alkalis, producing soaps and glycerin.
- Fats and oils are greasy, non-volatile at room temperature, and are lighter than water and insoluble in it.
- They can be detected microscopically by the Oil Red O (ORO) stain, a fat-soluble dye that stains neutral lipids, cholesteryl esters, and lipoproteins.
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