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Questions and Answers
What does the license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 allow creators to do?
What does the license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 allow creators to do?
The PMT Education work is licensed under a public domain license.
The PMT Education work is licensed under a public domain license.
False
What is the primary restriction of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license?
What is the primary restriction of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license?
No modifications allowed
This work is licensed under __________.
This work is licensed under __________.
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Match the following aspects of the license with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of the license with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT allowed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license?
Which of the following is NOT allowed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license?
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The NC in the license means that the work can be used for commercial purposes.
The NC in the license means that the work can be used for commercial purposes.
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What does the acronym 'CC' stand for in the context of licensing?
What does the acronym 'CC' stand for in the context of licensing?
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Study Notes
Global Heat Transfers
- Earth's climate is influenced by the atmosphere and oceans, which redistribute heat globally.
- Without heat transfer, Earth's poles would be much colder and the equator much hotter.
- Heat transfer occurs via atmospheric circulation cells and ocean currents.
Global Atmospheric Circulation
- The atmosphere is a layer of air surrounding Earth, extending hundreds of kilometers.
- It contains gases (oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide), water droplets, and particles.
- Air movement within the atmosphere is driven by the sun's energy, pressure differences, and Earth's rotation.
- This movement creates patterns of atmospheric circulation, influencing weather and climate patterns.
Atmospheric Circulation Model
- The global atmospheric circulation model consists of three distinct circulation cells: Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells.
- The Hadley cell operates near the equator, with rising hot, moist air moving to higher latitudes and sinking.
- The Ferrel cell operates at mid-latitudes, with air rising and moving to lower latitudes.
- The Polar cell operates near the poles, with rising air moving toward the poles and sinking.
Pressure Belts
- Air circulations create areas of pressure.
- Rising air forms low-pressure areas.
- Sinking air forms high-pressure areas.
- Global pressure belts are a visual representation of these pressure differences.
- Differences in pressure between land and sea occur due to variations in absorption of solar energy, leading to differences in temperature and pressure.
What about Wind?
- Wind is the movement of air particles.
- Air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
- The Coriolis effect deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Ocean Currents
- Ocean currents are the continuous movement of ocean water, transferring energy globally.
- Currents transport warm water to cold regions and vice versa.
- The Gulf Stream is an example of a current that significantly influences European climate.
How Does Atmospheric Circulation Affect Climate and Weather?
- Pressure belts and surface winds influence temperature and humidity worldwide.
- High rainfall areas tend to be located in low-pressure zones, where warm, moist air rises and cools.
- Low rainfall zones are usually found in high-pressure zones.
Natural Causes of Climate Change
- Natural factors have caused climate changes throughout Earth's history.
- Some of these factors include asteroid collisions, variations in Earth's orbit, volcanic eruptions, and changes in the Sun's output.
Orbital Changes
- Earth's orbit around the Sun changes over thousands of years, affecting the amount and intensity of solar energy reaching different parts.
- The Milankovitch cycles (eccentricity, obliquity, and precession) describe these orbital variations.
Solar Output
- Variations in the amount of solar energy emitted by the sun can affect Earth's climate.
- The sunspot cycle is an example of a variation in solar output, recurring approximately every 11 years.
Volcanic Activity
- Volcanic eruptions release ash and gases into the atmosphere.
- Volcanic ash can block sunlight, leading to a decrease in temperatures.
- Volcanic gases can lead to the formation of aerosols, which reflect sunlight back into space, leading to a cooling effect.
Climate Change During Earth's History
- Earth's climate has fluctuated significantly throughout history during various time periods.
- The Quaternary period is marked by alternating glacial and interglacial periods.
Evidence for Climate Change
- There are various methods for determining historical climate patterns, including ice core analysis, tree rings, and historical records.
Historical Sources
- Historical records provide valuable information on past climates.
- These records might include paintings, illustrations, books, and newspapers.
Human Causes of Climate Change
- Human activities have been a significant factor in accelerating climate change since about 1970
- The burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation are major contributors.
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
- Human activities release greenhouse gases at a higher rate than natural processes.
- These greenhouse gases trap heat, causing a warming effect, as more heat is trapped within Earth's atmosphere.
Climate Change Projections
- Climate scientists use current trends to project future climate change.
- These projections are based on different scenarios, varying in the extent of future greenhouse gas emissions.
Uncertainties
- Climate change predictions involve significant uncertainties due to complex interactions between natural and human factors.
- Physical uncertainties include factors like natural processes and weather phenomena.
- Human factors include population dynamics, technological advancements, and societal responses.
Effects of Climate Change
- Climate change causes several impacts, both on the environment and human society.
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